Quantifying pursuit-diving seabirds' associations with fine-scale physical features in tidal stream environments
Quantifying pursuit-diving seabirds' associations with fine-scale physical features in tidal stream environments
复制标题
量化追潜海鸟与潮汐流环境中精细物理特征的关联
DOI：
10.1111/1365-2664.12646
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发表时间：
2016
影响因子：
5.7
通讯作者：
Waggitt J
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Waggitt J
潮汐流涡轮机阵列数量的快速增加将在以水平水流速度超过 2 ms−1 为特征的栖息地内创造新的、前所未有的人类活动水平。然而，对利用这些潮汐流环境的追潜海鸟的潜在影响仍然很大程度上未知。识别适合阵列装置的精细物理特征（数百米）和与觅食追逐潜水海鸟相关的物理特征之间的相似性，可以确定哪些物种最容易受到与移动部件的碰撞或这些装置的位移。基于船只的观测调查、有限体积群落海洋模型输出和水声海底调查相结合，提供了在精细时间（15分钟）和空间上觅食分布和物理特征的同步测量在繁殖季节和非繁殖季节，潮汐流环境中的分辨率为 500 m，适合阵列安装。然后使用这些数据集来测试觅食追逐潜水海鸟（大西洋海雀Fratercula arctica、黑海鸠Cepphus grylle、普通海鸠Uria aalge、欧洲鸬鹬Phalacrocorax aristotelis）与身体特征之间的关联。这些物种与快速水平水流、缓慢水平水流、高湍流、向下垂直水流以及坚硬粗糙的区域相关。海底。关联的身份和强度在物种之间以及物种内不同季节之间存在差异，表明栖息地利用的种间和种内差异。然而，大西洋海雀在繁殖季节与快速水平水流区域的相关性特别强，而欧洲鸬鹚在非繁殖季节与粗糙坚硬的海底区域和向下垂直水流的区域相关性特别强。合成与应用。大西洋海雀与快速水平水流速度的密切联系表明它们特别有可能在繁殖季节与设施互动。因此，任何安装后监测和缓解措施都应关注该物种和季节。与高湍流和向下垂直水流的多物种关联，通常与快速水平水流速度一致，也突出了通过在这些区域省略设备来减少相互作用的总体可能性的有用的预安装缓解措施。环境影响评估（EIA）通常涉及为期两年、每月一次的调查。然而，本研究中使用的方法表明，更有针对性的调查可以极大地有益于旨在通过促进有针对性的缓解措施的制定来减少负面影响的可能性的管理策略。因此，建议这些方法有助于开发场地内的环境影响评估。
The rapid increase in the number of tidal stream turbine arrays will create novel and unprecedented levels of anthropogenic activity within habitats characterized by horizontal current speeds exceeding 2 ms−1. However, the potential impacts on pursuit‐diving seabirds exploiting these tidal stream environments remain largely unknown. Identifying similarities between the fine‐scale physical features (100s of metres) suitable for array installations, and those associated with foraging pursuit‐diving seabirds, could identify which species are most vulnerable to either collisions with moving components, or displacement from these installations.A combination of vessel‐based observational surveys, Finite Volume Community Ocean Model outputs and hydroacoustic seabed surveys provided concurrent measures of foraging distributions and physical characteristics at a fine temporal (15 min) and spatial (500 m) resolution across a tidal stream environment suitable for array installations, during both breeding and non‐breeding seasons. These data sets were then used to test for associations between foraging pursuit‐diving seabirds (Atlantic puffinsFratercula arctica, black guillemotsCepphus grylle, common guillemotsUria aalge, European shagsPhalacrocorax aristotelis) and physical features.These species were associated with areas of fast horizontal currents, slow horizontal currents, high turbulence, downward vertical currents and also hard–rough seabeds. The identity and strength of associations differed among species, and also within species between seasons, indicative of interspecific and intraspecific variations in habitat use. However, Atlantic puffins were associated particularly strongly with areas of fast horizontal currents during breeding seasons, and European shags with areas of rough–hard seabeds and downward vertical currents during non‐breeding seasons.Synthesis and applications. Atlantic puffins’ strong association with fast horizontal current speeds indicates that they are particularly likely to interact with installations during breeding seasons. Any post‐installation monitoring and mitigation measures should therefore focus on this species and season. The multi‐species associations with high turbulence and downward vertical currents, which often coincide with fast horizontal current speeds, also highlight useful pre‐installation mitigation measures via the omission of devices from these areas, reducing the overall likelihood of interactions. Environmental impact assessments (EIA) generally involve once‐a‐month surveys across 2‐year periods. However, the approaches used in this study show that more focussed surveys can greatly benefit management strategies aiming to reduce the likelihood of negative impacts by facilitating the development of targeted mitigation measures. It is therefore recommended that these approaches contribute towards EIA within development sites.