Environmental variation and biotic interactions limit adaptation at ecological margins: lessons from rainforest Drosophila and European butterflies.
Environmental variation and biotic interactions limit adaptation at ecological margins: lessons from rainforest Drosophila and European butterflies.
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环境变化和生物相互作用限制了生态边缘的适应：雨林果蝇和欧洲蝴蝶的教训。
DOI：
10.1098/rstb.2021.0017
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发表时间：
2022
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
O'Brien EK
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作者：
O'Brien EK
空间变化选择的局部适应模型预测，最大的进化速率是由遗传变异增加而增加的适应潜力和遗传变异降低种群适应度所带来的成本之间的相互作用决定的。我们讨论现有的和新的结果，从我们的实验室测定和rainforestDrosophilaand英国蝴蝶沿着环境梯度，试图测试这些预测在自然种群的实地移植。我们的数据表明：（一）在时间和空间上并没有一致地观察到沿着生态梯度的局部适应，特别是在生物和非生物相互作用影响梯度陡度和适合度遗传变异的情况下;（二）在实验室中观察到的适合度遗传变异只有在实地选择时才能看到，这表明人口代价可能仍然很高，而不增加适应潜力;物种间的拮抗作用降低了当地的生产力，特别是在生态边缘。这种对抗性的相互作用使梯度变陡，并可能通过增加其维度而增加适应的成本。然而，在生物相互作用确实进化的地方，迅速的范围扩张可以随之而来。未来的研究应该测试基因型的环境敏感性如何决定它们的生态暴露，以及它对适应性遗传变异的影响，以预测在生态边缘的进化拯救的概率。
Models of local adaptation to spatially varying selection predict that maximum rates of evolution are determined by the interaction between increased adaptive potential owing to increased genetic variation, and the cost genetic variation brings by reducing population fitness. We discuss existing and new results from our laboratory assays and field transplants of rainforestDrosophilaand UK butterflies along environmental gradients, which try to test these predictions in natural populations. Our data suggest that: (i) local adaptation along ecological gradients is not consistently observed in time and space, especially where biotic and abiotic interactions affect both gradient steepness and genetic variation in fitness; (ii) genetic variation in fitness observed in the laboratory is only sometimes visible to selection in the field, suggesting that demographic costs can remain high without increasing adaptive potential; and (iii) antagonistic interactions between species reduce local productivity, especially at ecological margins. Such antagonistic interactions steepen gradients and may increase the cost of adaptation by increasing its dimensionality. However, where biotic interactions do evolve, rapid range expansion can follow. Future research should test how the environmental sensitivity of genotypes determines their ecological exposure, and its effects on genetic variation in fitness, to predict the probability of evolutionary rescue at ecological margins.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Species’ ranges in the face of changing environments (Part II)’.