Folates in Plants: Research Advances and Progress in Crop Biofortification.
Folates in Plants: Research Advances and Progress in Crop Biofortification.
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DOI：
10.3389/fchem.2017.00021
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发表时间：
2017
影响因子：
5.5
通讯作者：
Van Der Straeten D
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gorelova V;Ambach L;Rébeillé F;Stove C;Van Der Straeten D
叶酸，也被称为B9维生素，在一碳(C1)转移反应中充当供体和受体。后者参与了许多重要生物分子的合成，如氨基酸、核酸和维生素B5。叶酸还在为甲基化反应提供一碳基团的甲基循环中发挥核心作用。叶酸所具有的重要功能使其在所有生物体内都是必不可少的。植物能够从头合成叶酸，对于缺乏相应生物合成途径的动物来说，植物是叶酸的极好饮食来源。不幸的是，最重要的主要农作物，如水稻、土豆和玉米，叶酸的来源相当贫乏。叶酸摄入不足已知会导致人类严重的发育障碍。有两种方法可以解决叶酸缺乏的问题：叶酸丸形式的药理补充和主要农作物的生物强化。由于前一种方法被认为对世界上大部分人口来说相当昂贵，生物强化主要作物被视为对抗叶酸缺乏的一种体面的替代方案。因此，本文将对植物叶酸强化的策略、挑战和最新进展进行综述。除了对提高作物营养质量的需求日益增长外，世界人口还面临着气候变化灾难或环境压力，如高温、干旱、盐碱化，这些都严重影响了作物的生长和生产力。由于其生物化学功能的巨大多样性，叶酸几乎参与了植物生理的各个方面。任何对植物叶酸代谢的干扰都会导致严重的生长抑制，结果是生产力降低。虽然今天的叶酸生物化学知识可以被认为是非常深刻的，但关于叶酸在植物中的生理作用的证据才刚刚开始出现。在目前的综述中，我们将讨论叶酸在植物生理和发育的各个方面的意义。
Folates, also known as B9 vitamins, serve as donors and acceptors in one-carbon (C1) transfer reactions. The latter are involved in synthesis of many important biomolecules, such as amino acids, nucleic acids and vitamin B5. Folates also play a central role in the methyl cycle that provides one-carbon groups for methylation reactions. The important functions fulfilled by folates make them essential in all living organisms. Plants, being able to synthesize folates de novo, serve as an excellent dietary source of folates for animals that lack the respective biosynthetic pathway. Unfortunately, the most important staple crops such as rice, potato and maize are rather poor sources of folates. Insufficient folate consumption is known to cause severe developmental disorders in humans. Two approaches are employed to fight folate deficiency: pharmacological supplementation in the form of folate pills and biofortification of staple crops. As the former approach is considered rather costly for the major part of the world population, biofortification of staple crops is viewed as a decent alternative in the struggle against folate deficiency. Therefore, strategies, challenges and recent progress of folate enhancement in plants will be addressed in this review. Apart from the ever-growing need for the enhancement of nutritional quality of crops, the world population faces climate change catastrophes or environmental stresses, such as elevated temperatures, drought, salinity that severely affect growth and productivity of crops. Due to immense diversity of their biochemical functions, folates take part in virtually every aspect of plant physiology. Any disturbance to the plant folate metabolism leads to severe growth inhibition and, as a consequence, to a lower productivity. Whereas today's knowledge of folate biochemistry can be considered very profound, evidence on the physiological roles of folates in plants only starts to emerge. In the current review we will discuss the implication of folates in various aspects of plant physiology and development.