Tenets for Social Accessibility
Tenets for Social Accessibility
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社会无障碍原则
DOI：
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发表时间：
2018
影响因子：
2.4
通讯作者：
J. Wobbrock
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Kristen Shinohara;Cynthia L. Bennett;W. Pratt;J. Wobbrock
尽管多年来在技术设计中解决残疾问题并倡导以用户为中心的设计实践，但流行的主流技术对于残疾人来说仍然基本上无法使用。我们进行了一项设计课程研究，调查学生设计师如何看待残疾，并探讨为多个残疾和非残疾用户进行设计如何鼓励学生在设计过程中考虑无障碍性。在相隔一年的两所大学课程中，我们研究了学生如何专注于设计项目，同时学习以用户为中心的设计概念和技术，以及在整个项目中与残疾人和健康人合作。此外，我们还比较了学生如何在课堂环境中融入以残疾为中心的设计方法。我们发现，为多个有残疾和无残疾的利益相关者进行设计，通过证明具有相同残疾的人可能有不同的需求，并将这些需求与非残疾用户的需求保持一致，扩大了学生对无障碍设计的理解。我们还发现，使用针对残疾人的设计方法可以补充与用户的互动，特别是在管理用户之间的不同能力或纳入社交方面。我们的研究结果有助于理解我们如何通过尽可能与多个有残疾和健康的利益相关者合作来改变设计实践。我们通过将这些发现纳入三个原则来完善社会无障碍设计，强调：（1）残疾设计应将有残疾和无残疾的用户纳入其中，（2）设计应同时解决功能和社会因素，（3）设计应包括在无障碍设计中促进考虑社会因素的工具。
Despite years of addressing disability in technology design and advocating user-centered design practices, popular mainstream technologies remain largely inaccessible for people with disabilities. We conducted a design course study investigating how student designers regard disability and explored how designing for multiple disabled and nondisabled users encouraged students to think about accessibility in the design process. Across two university course offerings one year apart, we examined how students focused on a design project while learning user-centered design concepts and techniques, working with people with and without disabilities throughout the project. In addition, we compared how students incorporated disability-focused design approaches within a classroom setting. We found that designing for multiple stakeholders with and without disabilities expanded student understanding of accessible design by demonstrating that people with the same disability could have diverse needs and by aligning such needs with those of nondisabled users. We also found that using approaches targeted toward designing for people with disabilities complemented interactions with users, particularly with regard to managing varying abilities across users, or incorporating social aspects. Our findings contribute to an understanding about how we might incur change in design practice by working with multiple stakeholders with and without disabilities whenever possible. We refined Design for Social Accessibility by incorporating these findings into three tenets emphasizing: (1) design for disability ought to incorporate users with and without disabilities, (2) design should address functional and social factors simultaneously, and (3) design should include tools to spur consideration of social factors in accessible design.