Tumor suppression and promotion by autophagy.

Tumor suppression and promotion by autophagy.
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DOI:
10.1155/2014/603980
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发表时间:
2014
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Quest AF
Quest AF
中科院分区:
生物学3区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Ávalos Y;Canales J;Bravo-Sagua R;Criollo A;Lavandero S;Quest AF

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自噬是一种高度调节的分解代谢过程,涉及蛋白质和细胞器(主要是线粒体)的溶酶体降解,用于维持细胞内稳态和减少代谢应激。这个过程的执行问题与不同的病理条件有关,如神经变性,衰老和癌症。许多调节自噬的蛋白质是癌基因或肿瘤抑制蛋白。具体地,负调节mTOR的肿瘤抑制基因,如PTEN、AMPK、LKB 1和TSC 1/2刺激自噬,而相反地,激活mTOR的癌基因,如I类PI 3 K、Ras、Rheb和AKT,抑制自噬,表明自噬是肿瘤抑制机制。与这一假说一致,自噬的抑制促进氧化应激、基因组不稳定性和肿瘤发生。然而,自噬也在应激条件下作为细胞保护机制发挥作用,包括缺氧和营养饥饿,促进肿瘤生长和对已建立肿瘤的化疗抗性。在这里,在这篇简短的综述中,我们将集中讨论自噬在癌症发展和进展中的这种模糊作用。
Autophagy is a highly regulated catabolic process that involves lysosomal degradation of proteins and organelles, mostly mitochondria, for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and reduction of metabolic stress. Problems in the execution of this process are linked to different pathological conditions, such as neurodegeneration, aging, and cancer. Many of the proteins that regulate autophagy are either oncogenes or tumor suppressor proteins. Specifically, tumor suppressor genes that negatively regulate mTOR, such as PTEN, AMPK, LKB1, and TSC1/2 stimulate autophagy while, conversely, oncogenes that activate mTOR, such as class I PI3K, Ras, Rheb, and AKT, inhibit autophagy, suggesting that autophagy is a tumor suppressor mechanism. Consistent with this hypothesis, the inhibition of autophagy promotes oxidative stress, genomic instability, and tumorigenesis. Nevertheless, autophagy also functions as a cytoprotective mechanism under stress conditions, including hypoxia and nutrient starvation, that promotes tumor growth and resistance to chemotherapy in established tumors. Here, in this brief review, we will focus the discussion on this ambiguous role of autophagy in the development and progression of cancer.
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