Psychological limits on animal innovation
Psychological limits on animal innovation
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DOI：
10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.02.026
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发表时间：
2014-06-01
期刊：
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
Hopper, Lydia M.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Brosnan, Sarah F.;Hopper, Lydia M.
创新是动物采用新行为或将当前行为应用于新情况的一种方式。虽然探索一种新的行为本身对动物来说是有风险的，但越来越多的研究表明，这种行为在动物物种中相当普遍。虽然人们已经探索了什么时候最有可能创新，哪些人最有可能创新，但很少有人探索创新背后的心理机制。在这里，我们考虑创新的一些心理限制。我们专注于五个因素，我限制发明的新行为（新恐惧症，保守主义，一致性，功能固定和禀赋效应）。这些行为的共同特点是，人们倾向于坚持现有的行为，或这些行为的现有用途，而不是探索新的选择。这反过来又限制了动物尝试不太常见行为的意愿，除非它们被迫通过环境来探索替代策略。尽管功能结果相似，但关键是要了解不同情况下存在的潜在机制，以便对创新何时出现或何时不会出现做出有力的预测。然后，我们考虑如何传输偏见和社会学习机制的影响和限制个人之间的发明传播。当然，这些“限制”在其他情况下是有益的，在整个审查中，我们考虑这些心理机制的权衡。(C)2014年动物行为研究协会。由爱思唯尔有限公司出版。保留所有权利。
Innovation is a way by which animals adopt a new behaviour or apply a current behaviour to a novel situation. Although exploring a new behaviour is itself risky for the animal, a growing body of research indicates that it is fairly widespread across animal species. While there have been explorations of when innovation is most likely and which individuals are most likely to innovate, less has been explored about the psychological mechanisms underlying innovation. Here we consider some psychological limits on innovation. We focus on five factors that my limit the invention of novel behaviours (neophobia, conservatism, conformity, functional fixedness and the endowment effect). The feature common to each of these is that individuals tend to stick with existing behaviours, or the existing uses of those behaviours, rather than exploring novel options. This in turn limits animals' willingness to try less common behaviours unless they are forced through circumstances to explore alternate strategies. Despite the similar functional outcomes, it is critical to understand the underlying mechanisms present in different situations in order to make strong predictions about when innovation is, or is not, expected to emerge. We then consider how transmission biases and social learning mechanisms influence and limit the spread of inventions among individuals. Of course, these 'limits' are beneficial in other circumstances, and throughout this review we consider the trade-offs for these psychological mechanisms. (C) 2014 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.