Biosynthesis of HSAF, a tetramic acid-containing macrolactam from Lysobacter enzymogenes.
Biosynthesis of HSAF, a tetramic acid-containing macrolactam from Lysobacter enzymogenes.
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DOI:
10.1021/ja105732c
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发表时间:
2011-02-02
影响因子:
15
通讯作者:
Du L
中科院分区:
文献类型:
--
作者:
Lou L;Qian G;Xie Y;Hang J;Chen H;Zaleta-Rivera K;Li Y;Shen Y;Dussault PH;Liu F;Du L
HSAF was isolated from Lysobacter enzymogenes, a bacterium used in the biological control of fungal diseases of plants. Structurally, it is a tetramic acid-containing macrolactam fused to a tricyclic system. HSAF exhibits a novel mode of action by disrupting sphingolipids important to the polarized growth of filamentous fungi. Here, we described the HSAF biosynthetic gene cluster which contains only a single-module polyketide synthase-nonribosomal peptide synthetase (PKS/NRPS), although the biosynthesis of HSAF apparently requires two separate polyketide chains that are linked together by one amino acid (ornithine) via two amide bonds. Flanking the PKS/NRPS are six genes, encoding a cascade of four tightly clustered redox enzymes on one side and a sterol desaturase/fatty acid hydroxylase and a ferredoxin reductase on the other side. The genetic data demonstrate that the four redox genes, in addition to the PKS/NRPS gene and the sterol desaturase/fatty acid hydroxylase gene, are required for HSAF production. The biochemical data show that the adenylation domain of the NRPS specifically activated L-ornithine and the four-domain NRPS was able to catalyze the formation of a tetramic acid-containing product from acyl-S-ACP and ornithinyl-S-NRPS. These results reveal a previously unrecognized biosynthetic mechanism for hybrid PK/NRP in prokaryotic organisms.
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