CONTROL, WARNING SIGNALS, AND DISTRESS IN INFANCY
CONTROL, WARNING SIGNALS, AND DISTRESS IN INFANCY
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DOI：
10.1037/0012-1649.16.4.281
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发表时间：
1980-01-01
影响因子：
4
通讯作者：
GUNNAR, MR
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
GUNNAR, MR
两项研究是关于婴儿对激活令人兴奋的、可能引起恐惧的玩具的控制力的影响。将控制效果与 12 个月时发出刺激开始信号（可预测性）的效果进行比较。的年龄。可预测性和控制没有同等效果。控制减少了男孩的恐惧反应，增加了男女的积极、接近反应。可预测性和控制并没有增加任何性别的积极、接近反应，而对于女孩来说，它实际上增加而不是减少恐惧反应。在第二项研究中，使用横断面设计在第 6、9 和 12 个月检查了对照的效果。直到 12 个月时，对照组才减少痛苦反应（烦躁/哭泣），但特别是在 6 个月和 12 个月时，对照组增加了触摸和靠近测试刺激。这两项研究的结果都是根据影响恐惧的可控刺激参数进行讨论的。显然，增加的可预测性不能解释 12 个月时控制的恐惧减少效果，而认知发展的变化是第一年下半年控制厌恶刺激激活效果的年龄变化的基础。
Two studies were conducted on the effects of the infant''s control over activating an arousing, potentially fear-provoking toy. The effects of control were compared to the effects of signaling the onset ofthe stimulus (predictability) at 12 mo. of age. Predictability and control did not have equivalent effects. Control reduced fear responses for boys and increased positive, approach responses for both sexes. Predictability and control did not increased positive, approach responses for either sex and for girls it actually increased rather than decreased fear responses. In a 2nd study, the effects of control were examined at 6, 9 and 12 mo., using a cross-sectional design. Control did not reduce distress reactions (fuss/cry) until 12 mo., although especially at 6 and 12 mo., control increased touching and being in close proximity to the test stimulus. The results of both studies are discussed in terms of the parameters of controllable stimulation affecting fear. Apparently increased predictability cannot account for the fear-reducing effects of control at 12 mo., and cognitive developmental changes underlie the age change in the effects of controlling the activations of an aversive stimulus during the 2nd half of the 1st yr.