A stereological perspective on placental morphology in normal and complicated pregnancies
A stereological perspective on placental morphology in normal and complicated pregnancies
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.00994.x
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发表时间：
2009-07-01
影响因子：
2.4
通讯作者：
Mayhew, Terry M.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Mayhew, Terry M.
体视学应用于随机生成的薄切片，允许从分子到整个器官水平对胎盘的3D结构进行最小偏差和经济的定量。利用这些采样和估计工具，可以导出全局量（组织体积、界面表面积、小管长度和颗粒数量）、平均值（例如平均细胞大小或膜厚度）、空间关系（例如隔室和免疫探针之间）和功能潜力（例如扩散电导）。这篇综述指出了体视学已被用来解释人类和小鼠胎盘的形态，包括绒毛生长，滋养层分化，血管形态发生和扩散运输的过程中的方法。在人类胎盘中，全球数量表明，绒毛成熟涉及胎儿毛细血管的差异生长和内皮细胞数量的增加。绒毛滋养层是一个不断更新的上皮细胞，在妊娠的大部分时间里，细胞滋养层（CT）和合体滋养层（ST）的细胞核数量增加之间呈现出一种稳定状态。上皮逐渐变薄，因为其表面以比其体积更快的速度扩张。这些变化有助于确保胎盘扩散能力与胎儿质量的增长相匹配。小鼠胎盘中发生了类似事件。其中一些过程在复杂妊娠中受到干扰：1）胎儿胎盘血管生长在伴有母体哮喘的妊娠中受到损害，2）滋养层更新的变化发生在先兆子痫和宫内生长受限中，3）暴露于颗粒城市空气污染的妊娠小鼠子宫胎盘血管发育贫乏，但扩散运输增加。最后，定量免疫电子显微镜现在允许更严格的分析感兴趣的分子之间的空间分布亚细胞区室或实验操作后的分布变化。
Stereology applied to randomly-generated thin sections allows minimally-biased and economical quantitation of the 3D structure of the placenta from molecular to whole-organ levels. With these sampling and estimation tools, it is possible to derive global quantities (tissue volumes, interface surface areas, tubule lengths and particle numbers), average values (e.g. mean cell size or membrane thickness), spatial relationships (e.g. between compartments and immunoprobes) and functional potential (e.g. diffusive conductance). This review indicates ways in which stereology has been used to interpret the morphology of human and murine placentas including the processes of villous growth, trophoblast differentiation, vascular morphogenesis and diffusive transport. In human placenta, global quantities have shown that villous maturation involves differential growth of fetal capillaries and increases in endothelial cell number. Villous trophoblast is a continuously renewing epithelium and, through much of gestation, exhibits a steady state between increasing numbers of nuclei in cytotrophoblast (CT) and syncytiotrophoblast (ST). The epithelium gradually becomes thinner because its surface expands at a faster rate than its volume. These changes help to ensure that placental diffusing capacity matches the growth in fetal mass. Comparable events occur in the murine placenta. Some of these processes are perturbed in complicated pregnancies: 1) fetoplacental vascular growth is compromised in pregnancies accompanied by maternal asthma, 2) changes in trophoblast turnover occur in pre-eclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction, and 3) uteroplacental vascular development is impoverished, but diffusive transport increases, in pregnant mice exposed to particulate urban air pollution. Finally, quantitative immunoelectron microscopy now permits more rigorous analysis of the spatial distributions of interesting molecules between subcellular compartments or shifts in distributions following experimental manipulation.