‘Forced’ Online Religion: Religious Minority and Majority Communities’ Media Usage during the COVID-19 Lockdown
‘Forced’ Online Religion: Religious Minority and Majority Communities’ Media Usage during the COVID-19 Lockdown
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“强迫”在线宗教：COVID-19 封锁期间宗教少数群体和多数群体的媒体使用情况
作者：
Lene Kühle;T. L. Larsen
2020年3月11日，丹麦首相宣布，由于新冠肺炎大流行，丹麦社会即将封锁，并关闭所有公共机构，包括国家教会。一周后，政府发布了封锁宗教少数群体的指示。在全球范围内，对丹麦宗教版图的全面封锁是史无前例的，也是激进的，它引发了后世俗社会中调解宗教和宗教与国家关系的问题。基于在2020年封锁和社会逐步开放期间收集的定量和定性数据，本文考察了丹麦国家教会和28个公认的穆斯林社区的媒体使用情况。它重新评估了海蒂·A·坎贝尔的“宗教-社会塑造技术方法”，考察了宗教社区如何寻求在他们的线下和在线实践之间建立连续性，以维持权威和社区凝聚力。我们的结论是：(1)宗教团体与当局合作的意愿很高，(2)危机影响了宗教团体的组织框架和社会地位，(3)坎贝尔的方法需要进一步关注数字化仪式谈判中产生冲突的方面，跨国主义的重要性，以及少数派和多数派宗教之间的差异。
On 11 March 2020, the Danish Prime Minister announced a forthcoming lockdown of Danish society due to the COVID-19 pandemic and shut down all public institutions, including the national church. Instructions for the lockdown of religious minority communities were issued a week later. The total lockdown of the Danish religious landscape is both historically unprecedented and radical in a global context, and it raises questions about mediatized religion and religion–state relations in a postsecular society. Building on quantitative and qualitative data collected during the lockdown and the gradual opening of society in 2020, this article examines the media usage of the Danish national church and of the 28 recognized Muslim communities. It reevaluates Heidi A. Campbell’s ‘religious-social shaping approach to technology’ by examining how religious communities sought to establish continuity between their offline and online practices to maintain authority and community cohesion. We conclude (1) that the willingness of religious communities to cooperate with authorities was high, (2) that the crisis affected religious communities’ organizational framework and societal position, and (3) that Campbell’s approach needs to pay further attention to the conflict-producing aspects of negotiations on digitalized rituals, the importance of transnationalism, and differences between minority and majority religion.