Physical and elemental analysis of Middle East sands from recent combat zones.
Physical and elemental analysis of Middle East sands from recent combat zones.
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对来自最近战区的中东沙子进行物理和元素分析。
DOI：
10.1080/08958378.2020.1766602
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发表时间：
2020
影响因子：
2.1
通讯作者：
LaRue,AmandaC
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
McDonald,LindsayT;Christopher,StevenJ;Morton,SteveL;LaRue,AmandaC
目的：肺部对外界环境的暴露是独一无二的。沙漠地区的沙尘暴露在部署的士兵中很常见。材料和方法：从伊拉克费卢杰和阿富汗坎大哈战区收集的沙子进行了分析，并与从历史悠久的美国(美国)收集的沙子样本进行了比较。战区(约翰逊堡，詹姆斯岛，南卡罗来纳州，内战战场)。对沙子样品进行分析，以确定可能有助于呼吸系统疾病发展的物理和元素特征。结果：通过互补扫描电子显微镜(SEM)成像和分析，以及电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICPMS)，确定伊拉克沙子与阿富汗和美国沙子相比，含有高水平的钙和第一排过渡金属。伊拉克沙颗粒质地光滑圆润，颗粒比阿富汗沙小得多。与伊拉克或美国砂相比，阿富汗沙在稀土金属中的含量较高，边缘特征尖锐，颗粒尺寸也比伊拉克沙大。结论：这些数据表明伊拉克和阿富汗沙的颗粒大小和特性存在显著差异。与对照沙子相比，中东沙子含有与呼吸系统疾病相关的元素水平升高，这表明暴露在沙尘暴中可能会促进不良的呼吸道症状。数据还表明，根据地理区域或暴露地点的不同，可能会发生变化。产生的数据提供了基线信息，这些信息对设计未来的暴露研究将是有价值的。
Objective:The lungs are uniquely exposed to the external environment. Sand and dust exposures in desert regions are common among deployed soldiers. A significant number of Veterans deployed to the Middle East report development of respiratory disorders and diseases.Materials and methods:Sand collected from Fallujah, Iraq and Kandahar, Afghanistan combat zones was analyzed and compared to a sand sample collected from an historic United States (U.S.) battle region (Fort Johnson, James Island, SC, Civil War battle site). Sand samples were analyzed to determine the physical and elemental characteristics that may have the potential to contribute to development of respiratory disease.Results:Using complementary scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging and analysis, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), it was determined that Iraq sand contained elevated levels of calcium and first row transition metals versus Afghanistan and U.S. sand. Iraq sand particle texture was smooth and round, and particles were considerably smaller than Afghanistan sand. Afghanistan sand was elevated in rare earth metals versus Iraq or U.S. sands and had sharp edge features and larger particle size than Iraq sand.Conclusions:These data demonstrate significant differences in Iraq and Afghanistan sand particle size and characteristics. Middle East sands contained elevated levels of elements that have been associated with respiratory disease versus control site sand, suggesting the potential of sand/dust storm exposure to promote adverse respiratory symptoms. Data also demonstrate the potential for variation based on geographical region or site of exposure. The data generated provide baseline information that will be valuable in designing future exposure studies.