CLIMATE CHANGE AND WATER
CLIMATE CHANGE AND WATER
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DOI：
10.1525/9780520943933-008
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发表时间：
2019-12
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
P. Gleick
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
P. Gleick
与全球气候变化相关的气温升高和降水状况的变化对河流、湖泊和含水层中的水的数量和质量产生影响。实际上，水生系统很可能是所有生态系统中对气候变化最敏感的，因为水温与气温密切相关，大多数水生物种是冷血动物，容易受到温度变化的影响，许多生态过程，如生产力，分解和水道中的营养循环与温度密切相关（Ormerod 2009）。这些水道对于地球所有生态系统的运作以及人类生活的维持至关重要。它们还为超过125，000种淡水动物提供了重要的栖息地，占地球上所有已知动物物种的9.5%，沿着相关的高水平植物多样性（Strayer 2010）。尽管水生系统资源丰富且脆弱，但它们往往得不到传统保护区的很好保护，受到的保护关注也少于陆地系统。在全球范围内，气温变暖增加了湿度和降水量，在上个世纪，降水量增加了约2%（亨廷顿，2006年）。然而，这一数字掩盖了区域差异，因为预计高纬度地区的降水量将增加，而低纬度和中纬度地区的降水量将减少（Malmqvist 2002）。全球降水趋势还将受到大气环流模式变化以及厄尔尼诺南方涛动或北大西洋涛动等多年和十年气候周期变化的驱动（Wise 2010）。然而，对水道和水生系统的大多数影响发生在区域和地方范围内。变化的主要途径是水温升高、积雪和径流事件时间的变化、短暂湿地的丧失以及海平面上升导致沿海湿地洪水和盐碱化。
The warming temperatures and changing precipitation regimes associated with global climate change have effects on the quantity and quality of water in rivers, lakes, and aquifers. Indeed, it is likely that aquatic systems are among the most sensitive of all ecosystems to climate change, as water temperatures track air temperatures closely, the majority of aquatic species are cold blooded and easily affected by changes in temperature, and many ecological processes such as productivity, decomposition, and nutrient cycling in waterways are closely linked to temperature (Ormerod 2009). These waterways are essential for the functioning of all of the planet’s ecosystems, as well as for the maintenance of human life. They also provide essential habitat for more than125,000 species of freshwater animals, representing 9.5% of all known animal species on the planet, along with associated high levels of plant diversity (Strayer 2010). Despite this richness and vulnerability, aquatic systems are often not well protected by traditional protected areas, and receive less conservation attention than terrestrial systems. At the global scale, warming temperatures increase humidity and precipitation, and precipitation has increased about 2% in the last century (Huntington 2006). However, this figure disguises regional differences, as precipitation is expected to increase at high latitudes, and decrease at low and mid latitudes (Malmqvist 2002). Global precipitation trends will also be driven by changes in atmospheric circulation patterns, and on alterations of multiannual and decadal climate cycles such as the El Nino Southern Oscillation or the North Atlantic Oscillation (Wise 2010). However, the majority of effects on waterways and aquatic systems occur at regional and local scales. The main pathways for change are warming water temperatures, changes in snowpack and timing of runoff events, loss of ephemeral wetlands, and sea level rise causing flooding and salinization of coastal wetlands.