Development and validation of FDS+Evac for evacuation simulation
Development and validation of FDS+Evac for evacuation simulation
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发表时间：
2008
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通讯作者：
K. Hostikka;T. Korhonen;T. Paloposki;Tuomo Rinne;Katri Matikainen;S. Heliövaara
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作者：
K. Hostikka;T. Korhonen;T. Paloposki;Tuomo Rinne;Katri Matikainen;S. Heliövaara
基于性能的消防安全设计在很大程度上依赖于使用计算机模拟火灾和疏散过程。由于新建筑的规模和复杂性的增加，疏散模拟必须能够考虑大规模和高密度人群对移动的影响，以及与移动前时间和出口路线选择相关的决策过程。本研究开发了一种新的疏散模拟工具，具有三个主要特点：1)该工具可用于模拟大型高密度人群，其中运动动态受人群压力的影响。ii)通过同步模拟可以考虑疏散人员与火灾之间的相互作用，从而允许火灾条件与人类行为之间的完全耦合。iii)考虑到社会心理学方面，如熟悉的人（群体动态）和地点的重要性，对撤离人员的决策过程进行建模。该仿真工具已在火灾动力学模拟器（FDS）软件中实现，并称为FDS+Evac。新模拟工具的验证需要在疏散情况下人类行为的实验信息——不仅是各种疏散路线的流量，还包括疏散过程中的决策过程。在这项工作中，研究了两种不同类型的疏散情况。第一种是疏散演习，通常是作为公共建筑和工作场所工作人员安全培训的一部分进行的。在疏散演习中，仔细准备观察是可能的。第二种是实际的疏散，有时会发生。实际疏散的好处是，决策过程可能类似于真正发生火灾时的决策过程。用于观察疏散演习的主要技术是摄像机和无线射频识别（RFID）。获得了大量的信息，并指出了观测技术应用中存在的问题。在对一个大型购物中心实际疏散的观察中，利用监控摄像机的记录来测量人员的流动速度。结果非常有希望，并表明应该开始收集大规模疏散的监控摄像机记录。
The performance based design of fire safety relies strongly on the use of computer simulations of fire and evacuation processes. Due to the increased size and complexity of the new buildings, the evacuation simulations must be able to consider the effects of the large and high density crowds on the movement and the decision making processes associated with the premovement time and exit route selection. In this work, a new evacuation simulation tool has been developed with three main features: i) The tool can be used to simulate large and high density crowds, where the movement dynamics is affected by the crowd pressure. ii) The interaction between the evacuees and fire can be taken into account by simultaneous simulation, thus allowing a full coupling between the fire conditions and the human behaviour. iii) The decision making processes of the evacuees are modelled taking into account the sociopsychological aspects like the importance of familiar people (group dynamics) and places. The simulation tool has been implemented to the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) software, and called FDS+Evac. The validation of the new simulation tools requires experimental information on the human behaviour during the evacuation situations not just the flow rates of the various evacuation routes, but also on the decision making processes during the evacuation. In this work, two different types of evacuation situations were studied. The first type was evacuation drills which are normally carried out as part of the safety training of the staff in public buildings and workplaces. In evacuation drills, careful preparation of the observations is possible. The second type was actual evacuations which occur every now and then. The advantage of actual evacuations is that the decision making processes are likely to be similar to what they would be in case of a real fire. The main techniques used for the observation of evacuation drills were video cameras and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID). A large amount of information was obtained and the problems in the application of the observation techniques were identified. In the observation of an actual evacuation of a large shopping centre, the recordings of the surveillance cameras were used to measure the flow rates of people. The results are very promising and indicate that the collection of surveillance camera recordings from large evacuations should be started.