Monitoring psychoactive substance use at six European festivals through wastewater and pooled urine analysis
Monitoring psychoactive substance use at six European festivals through wastewater and pooled urine analysis
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DOI：
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138376
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发表时间：
2020-07-10
影响因子：
9.8
通讯作者：
Zuccato, E.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bijlsma, L.;Celma, A.;Zuccato, E.
在许多社区，精神活性物质的消费被认为是一个日益严重的问题。此外，作为传统非法药物（法律的）替代品的新型精神活性物质相对容易通过电子商务和零售商店向公众提供，但对这些物质的范围和实际使用情况知之甚少。这项研究旨在通过净化废水和尿液收集欧洲六个音乐节上的非法药物和传统非法药物使用的新的和补充的信息。在2015年至2018年期间，在欧洲的六个音乐节上收集了大约465，000名参加者的样本。在与节日不一致的时期也收集了废水样本。采用不同的色谱-质谱分析策略，对197种违禁药物和已知代谢物进行了大范围筛查。在样品中发现了几种非法药物和总共21种不同的兴奋剂，主要是合成卡西酮、苯乙胺和色胺。在所收集的样本中，氯胺酮和苯丙胺类兴奋剂、大麻和可卡因等传统非法药物的含量最多和（或）检出频率最高，这表明其使用率高于苯丙胺类兴奋剂。对尿液和废水的分析非常迅速，而且可以通过仅分析少数样本对大量参加者进行匿名监测，从而可以在广泛的精神活性物质范围内确定不同药物使用的当地概况。这种方法有助于建立一个有效的监测系统，及时了解吸毒和非法药物使用的趋势。(C)2020 Elsevier B. V.保留所有权利。
The consumption of psychoactive substances is considered a growing probleminmany communities. Moreover, new psychoactive substances (NPS) designed as (legal) substitutes to traditional illicit drugs are relatively easily available to the public through e-commerce and retail shops, but there is little knowledge regarding the extent and actual use of these substances. This study aims to gain new and complementary information on NPS and traditional illicit drug use at sixmusic festivals across Europe by investigatingwastewater and pooled urine. Samples were collected, between 2015 and 2018, at six music festivals across Europe with approximately 465.000 attendees. Wastewater samples were also collected during a period not coinciding with festivals. A wide-scope screening for 197 NPS, six illicit drugs and known metabolites was applied using different chromatographymass spectrometric strategies. Several illicit drugs and in total 21 different NPS, mainly synthetic cathinones, phenethylamines and tryptamines, were identified in the samples. Ketamine and the traditional illicit drugs, such as amphetamine-type stimulants, cannabis and cocaine were most abundant and/or frequently detected in the samples collected, suggesting a higher use compared to NPS. The analyses of urine and wastewater is quick and a high number of attendeesmay be monitored anonymously by analysing only a fewsampleswhich allows identifying the local profiles of use of different drugswithin awide panel of psychoactive substances. This approach contributes to the development of an efficient surveillance system which can provide timely insight in the trends of NPS and illicit drugs use. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.