Cognitive plasticity in older adults: effects of cognitive training and physical exercise
Cognitive plasticity in older adults: effects of cognitive training and physical exercise
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DOI：
10.1111/nyas.12682
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发表时间：
2015-01-01
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影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Bherer, Louis
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文献类型：
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作者：
Bherer, Louis
认知训练、体育活动和锻炼经常被报道可以改善老年人的认知能力。本文回顾了一些开创性的和最近的研究，这些研究使用这些方法来改善健康老年人和患有非神经系统慢性疾病的患者的认知和身体功能。认知训练研究的结果表明，尽管在训练任务中表现有所提高，但迁移效应似乎非常有限。然而，令人惊讶的是，在身体功能测试中，计算机双任务训练已被证明可以改善平衡和姿势控制，这表明有时可以观察到广泛的转移。体育锻炼干预研究通常发现，在身体能力、某些认知领域和生活质量方面，都有显著而巨大的改善。在身体虚弱和非身体虚弱的参与者之间，这些好处似乎是相同的。总的来说，本文回顾的结果支持这样一种观点，即由认知训练或身体活动和锻炼引起的注意力控制的认知可塑性在成年后期保持不变。此外，对有认知能力下降风险的患者的研究结果也表明，认知训练和运动干预是有希望的非药物工具，可以帮助改善有认知能力的老年人。
Cognitive training, physical activity, and exercise have often been reported to improve cognitive performance in older adults. This paper reviews some seminal and recent studies using these approaches to improve cognition and physical functioning in healthy older adults and in patients suffering from non-neurological chronic medical conditions. Results from cognitive training studies suggest that despite performance improvement in trained tasks, transfer effects appeared very limited. Surprisingly though, computerized dual-task training has been shown to improve balance and postural control in tests of physical functioning, suggesting that broad transfer can sometimes be observed. Physical exercise intervention studies generally found significant and large improvements in physical capacity, in some cognitive domains, and in quality of life. The benefits seem to be equivalent between frail and nonfrail participants. Overall, results reviewed here support the notion that cognitive plasticity for attentional control, as induced by cognitive training or physical activity and exercise, is preserved in late adulthood. Moreover, results of studies with patients at risk of cognitive decline also suggest that cognitive training and exercise interventions are promising nonpharmaceutical tools to help improve cognition in older at-risk individuals.