Phenotypic analysis of aposematic conoderine weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Conoderinae) supports the existence of three large mimicry complexes
Phenotypic analysis of aposematic conoderine weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Conoderinae) supports the existence of three large mimicry complexes
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DOI：
10.1093/biolinnean/blz205
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发表时间：
2020-03-01
影响因子：
1.9
通讯作者：
Franz, Nico M.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Anzaldo, Salvatore S.;Wilson, Joseph S.;Franz, Nico M.
象鼻虫科（鞘翅目：象鼻虫科）是新热带象鼻虫类群中最具特色的行为和外观之一，引起了关于广泛的表观模仿收敛的进化和功能的许多假设。Conoderines的自然历史记录很差，而且该群体的很大一部分多样性仍未被描述，这给他们的研究带来了挑战。在本分析中，128种先前或本文假设属于三种模仿复合体的conconderine象鼻虫在conconderine模仿的第一次定量测试中进行了分析。利用非度量多维尺度分析了描述象鼻虫大小、形状和颜色的15个连续和分类特征，并在排序空间中对所得聚类进行了统计检验。三种相似的，假定的模仿复合体被识别出来：(1)象鼻虫的“红眼蝇”复合体，它被假设为对各种红眼蝇的逃避模仿；(2)“条纹/斑点”组合，由象鼻虫组成，其前体颜色鲜艳，翅部有红至白色的条纹或斑点；(3)具有彩虹蓝色到蓝绿色前额鳞片的“亮蓝色”复合体。这些类群中的每一个都覆盖了广泛的地理分布，并在多个属中独立进化，尽管红眼蝇复合体似乎是物种最丰富且在系统发育上分布最广泛的。尽管每组内的差异表明，每组中物种的外观相似性可能归因于不同但表型相似的模型的独立收敛，但分组发现具有统计学意义。讨论了未来研究conconderine拟态的几个途径。
The Conoderinae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) are one of the most distinctive Neotropical weevil groups in behaviour and appearance, attracting numerous hypotheses regarding the evolution and function of widespread apparent mimetic convergence. Conoderines have a poorly documented natural history, and a large fraction of the diversity of the group remains undescribed, presenting challenges to their study. In this analysis, 128 species of conoderine weevils previously or herein hypothesized to belong to three mimicry complexes are analysed in the first quantitative test of conoderine mimicry. Fifteen continuous and categorical characters describing the size, shape and coloration of these weevils were analysed using non-metric multidimensional scaling while statistically testing the resulting clusters in ordination space. Three similar, putatively mimetic complexes are recognized: (1) the 'red-eyed fly' complex of weevils, which are hypothesized to be evasively mimetic on various species of red-eyed flies; (2) the 'striped/spotted' complex, composed of weevils with a brightly coloured pronotum and red to white elytral stripes or spots; and (3) the 'shiny blue' complex of species with iridescent blue to blue-green pronotal scales. Each of these groups covers a wide geographical distribution and has evolved independently in multiple genera, although the red-eyed fly complex appears to be both the most species rich and widely distributed phylogenetically. Groupings were found to be statistically significant, although variation within each group suggests that the similarity in appearance of species in each group could be attributable to independent convergence on different, but phenotypically similar, models. Several avenues for future research on conoderine mimicry are discussed.