Neuropeptides controlling energy balance: orexins and neuromedins.
Neuropeptides controlling energy balance: orexins and neuromedins.
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DOI：
10.1007/978-3-642-24716-3_4
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发表时间：
2012
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Teske JA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Nixon JP;Kotz CM;Novak CM;Billington CJ;Teske JA
在本节中，我们回顾了食欲素（也称为下丘脑泌素）和神经介肽的摄食和能量消耗作用。食欲素是一种多功能的神经肽，通过参与调节食欲、唤醒和自发的身体活动来影响能量平衡。所有功能的中枢食欲素信号传导起源于外侧下丘脑-穹窿周围区，并且可能基于作用部位和相互作用的神经影响而在功能上分化。食欲素对进食的影响可能在某些方面与唤醒有关，但尽管如此，它仍然是一个独立的神经过程，取决于与其他进食相关神经肽的相互作用。食欲素以不同于其他神经肽的方式刺激进食和能量消耗。增食欲素增加能量消耗主要是通过增加自发的体力活动，这种能量消耗效应比摄食效应更强。全局食欲素操作，如在转基因模型中，产生与食欲素的主导能量消耗效应一致的能量平衡变化。神经调节素是一种肠-脑肽，可降低食欲。存在神经介肽的肠道来源，但可能关键的食欲相关神经介肽产生神经元在下丘脑中，并且在弓状和室旁下丘脑投射中平行地表达其他关键的厌食神经肽。与其他下丘脑进食相关肽一样，后脑部位也可能是神经介肽厌食作用的重要来源和靶点。Neuromedin除了减少食欲外，还增加了身体活动，从而产生了持续的负能量平衡效应。与各种其他神经肽、神经递质、神经调节剂和神经激素一起，神经介肽和食欲素在食欲网络中起作用，以产生食物摄入和能量消耗的变化，这最终影响体重的调节。
In this section we review the feeding and energy expenditure effects of orexin (also known as hypocretin) and neuromedin. Orexins are multifunctional neuropeptides that affect energy balance by participating in regulation of appetite, arousal, and spontaneous physical activity. Central orexin signaling for all functions originates in the lateral hypothalamus–perifornical area, and is likely functionally differentiated based on site of action and on interacting neural influences. The effect of orexin on feeding is likely related to arousal in some ways, but is nonetheless a separate neural process that depends on interactions with other feeding related neuropeptides. In a pattern distinct from other neuropeptides, orexin stimulates both feeding and energy expenditure. Orexin increases in energy expenditure are mainly by increasing spontaneous physical activity, and this energy expenditure effect is more potent than the effect on feeding. Global orexin manipulations, such as in transgenic models, produce energy balance changes consistent with a dominant energy expenditure effect of orexin. Neuromedins are gut-brain peptides that reduce appetite. There are gut sources of neuromedin, but likely the key appetite related neuromedin producing neurons are in hypothalamus and parallel other key anorectic neuropeptide expression in the arcuate to paraventricular hypothalamic projection. As with other hypothalamic feeding related peptides, hindbrain sites are likely also important sources and targets of neuromedin anorectic action. Neuromedin increases physical activity in addition to reducing appetite, thus producing a consistent negative energy balance effect. Together with the various other neuro-peptides, -transmitters, -modulators and –hormones, neuromedin and orexin act in the appetite network to produce changes in food intake and energy expenditure, which ultimately influences the regulation of body weight.