Local Government Modernization in Germany: Between Incrementalism and Reform Waves
Local Government Modernization in Germany: Between Incrementalism and Reform Waves
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德国地方政府现代化：渐进主义与改革浪潮之间
DOI：
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发表时间：
2000
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通讯作者：
H. Wollmann
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
H. Wollmann
在采取历史制度主义的方法，本文着眼于德国地方政府的行政改革的发展，因为相对高度的政治和行政权力下放的联邦共和国发挥了至关重要的作用，在后者的整个政治行政设置，因此，在其机构改革。本文主要论述了战后行政改革发展的三个阶段。在20世纪60年代末和70年代初的"计划运动"期间，德国的地方政府和行政部门经历了重大的、在相当程度上持久的制度变革。20世纪80年代是一个渐进的适应时期。自20世纪90年代初以来，德国的地方政府开始了戏剧性的变革，特别是在两个方面。地方政府的变革明显晚于盎格鲁-撒克逊和斯堪的纳维亚国家，但比联邦和州政府更早、更快。首先，在越来越多的市、县，行政现代化被纳入"新指导模式"（NSM）的标题之下，这在很大程度上借鉴了占主导地位的国际新公共管理（NPM）辩论。正在进行的行政改革的动态特点是将国家预防机制/国家社会管理机制与早期（"传统"）改革概念"融合"。第二，与此同时，地方政府的政治机构由于实行直接民主程序（直接选举市长和县长，有约束力的地方公民投票）而发生了重大变化。本文认为，正是这种行政和政治改革的巧合和共同演变，使德国目前的现代化轨迹的特殊性，区别于盎格鲁-撒克逊，并在较小程度上，从斯堪的纳维亚现代化道路。
In taking a historical-institutionlist approach, this paper looks at the development of administrative reforms in German local government which, because of the comparatively high degree of political and administrative decentralization of the Federal Republic has played a crucial role in the latter’s entire politico-administrative setting and, hence, in its institutional reforms. The paper mainly identifies three stages in the post-war development of administrative reforms. During the ‘planning movement’ of the late 1960s and early 1970s, Germany’s local level government and administration underwent significant and, to a considerable degree, lasting institutional changes. The 1980s were a period of incrementalist adaptation. Since the beginning of the 1990s, conspicuously later than in the Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian countries, but earlier and faster than the federal and the Lander levels, Germany’s local government has embarked upon dramatic changes particularly on two scores. First, in a growing number of municipalities and counties, administrative modernization was incorporated under the heading of a ‘New Steering Model’ (NSM) that largely drew on the dominant international New Public Management (NPM) debate. The dynamics of the ongoing administrative reforms are marked by an ‘amalgamation’ of NPM/NSM and earlier (‘traditional’) reform concepts. Secondly, at the same time, the political institutions of local government have under-gone a significant shift as a result of the introduction of direct democratic procedures (direct election of mayors and heads of counties, binding local referenda). The paper argues that it is this co-incidence and co-evolution of administrative and political reforms that make for the peculiarity of Germany’s current modernization trajectory, distinguishing it from the Anglo-Saxon and, to a lesser degree, from the Scandinavian modernization paths.