Health risk assessment of cyanobacterial (blue-green algal) toxins in drinking water.
Health risk assessment of cyanobacterial (blue-green algal) toxins in drinking water.
复制标题
饮用水中蓝细菌（蓝绿色藻类）毒素的健康风险评估。
DOI：
10.3390/ijerph2005010043
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发表时间：
2005-04
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Humpage AR
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Falconer IR;Humpage AR
蓝细菌毒素在美洲、欧洲和澳大利亚造成了人类中毒。越来越多的证据表明，当蓝藻水华发生在源沃茨时，它们存在于经处理的饮用水供应中。随着人口压力的增加和地下水储量的枯竭，地表水越来越多地被用作来自河流和湖泊/水库的原水。来自污水排放、农业径流或雨水的额外营养物质导致蓝藻过多，称为“水华”。大多数蓝藻水华是有毒物种，产生多种毒素。对人类构成危险的最重要的毒素是神经毒性生物碱（类毒素和麻痹性贝类毒素）、环肽肝毒素（微囊藻毒素）和细胞毒性生物碱（柱孢菌素）。目前，世界卫生组织在国际上评估的唯一一种蓝藻毒素家族是微囊藻毒素，它会造成急性肝损伤，是活跃的肿瘤促进剂。根据对啮齿动物和猪的亚慢性研究，确定了饮用水中微囊藻毒素LR的暂定指导水平为1μg/L。欧洲、南美洲和澳大拉西亚国家的立法已采纳了这一点。根据未来的致畸性、生殖毒性和致癌性研究，可能会对此进行修订。另一种建议进行详细健康风险评估的蓝藻毒素是柱孢菌素，这是一种具有明显遗传毒性、可能的致突变性和潜在致癌物的细胞毒性化合物。这种毒素导致人类从饮用水中中毒，并出现在美国，欧洲，亚洲，澳大利亚和南美洲的供水中。提出了初步健康风险评估，建议饮用水指导水平为1微克/升。有必要增加对饮用水中毒素的监测数据，并对受影响人口的有害健康影响进行流行病学研究，以澄清健康风险的程度。
Cyanobacterial toxins have caused human poisoning in the Americas, Europe and Australia. There is accumulating evidence that they are present in treated drinking water supplies when cyanobacterial blooms occur in source waters. With increased population pressure and depleted groundwater reserves, surface water is becoming more used as a raw water source, both from rivers and lakes/reservoirs. Additional nutrients in water which arise from sewage discharge, agricultural run-off or storm water result in overabundance of cyanobacteria, described as a ‘water bloom’. The majority of cyanobacterial water-blooms are of toxic species, producing a diversity of toxins. The most important toxins presenting a risk to the human population are the neurotoxic alkaloids (anatoxins and paralytic shellfish poisons), the cyclic peptide hepatotoxins (microcystins) and the cytotoxic alkaloids (cylindrospermopsins). At the present time the only cyanobacteral toxin family that have been internationally assessed for health risk by the WHO are the microcystins, which cause acute liver injury and are active tumour promoters. Based on sub-chronic studies in rodents and pigs, a provisional Guideline Level for drinking water of 1μg/L of microcystin-LR has been determined. This has been adopted in legislation in countries in Europe, South America and Australasia. This may be revised in the light of future teratogenicity, reproductive toxicity and carcinogenicity studies. The other cyanobacterial toxin which has been proposed for detailed health risk assessment is cylindrospermopsin, a cytotoxic compound which has marked genotoxicity, probable mutagenicity, and is a potential carcinogen. This toxin has caused human poisoning from drinking water, and occurs in water supplies in the USA, Europe, Asia, Australia and South America. An initial health risk assessment is presented with a proposed drinking water Guideline Level of 1μg/L. There is a need for both increased monitoring data for toxins in drinking water and epidemiological studies on adverse health effects in exposed populations to clarify the extent of the health risk.