Extreme reductions of entropy in an electronic double dot
Extreme reductions of entropy in an electronic double dot
复制标题
DOI：
10.1103/physrevb.99.115422
复制
发表时间：
2017-12
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Shilpi Singh;'Edgar Rold'an;I. Neri;Ivan M Khaymovich;D. Golubev;V. Maisi;J. Peltonen;F. Julicher;J. Pekola
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Shilpi Singh;'Edgar Rold'an;I. Neri;Ivan M Khaymovich;D. Golubev;V. Maisi;J. Peltonen;F. Julicher;J. Pekola
热力学定律可以扩展到纳米尺度，其中通量是波动量。热力学第二定律意味着，在介观系统中，熵平均增加，但这些系统在被赶出平衡时，有可能从环境中短暂吸收热量。波动关系与产生一定量的熵和在固定时间间隔内减少相同量的熵的概率有关，并且已经用不同的实验装置证实。热力学通量的极值统计表征了与平均行为的最极端偏差。在这里，我们报告的随机熵产生和记录的负熵的实验测量。为此，我们采用了一个金属双点下，一个恒定的外部直流偏置，实现了非平衡稳态。我们发现，熵产生的负记录的累积分布是有界的，在任何时候都由一个有限的指数分布的平均值等于减去玻尔兹曼常数。利用这一结果，我们得到了一个上限的平均最大熵吸收的介观系统从它的环境在有限的时间，并证明了这一结果与实验数据。我们的工作提供了一般的界限和等式相关的随机变量的极值统计量，其中没有太多是已知的。我们的研究结果将有助于揭示统计数据的过热事件在单电子设备，这是相关的可逆计算设备的设计工作在最小的散热由兰道尔的原则。
The laws of thermodynamics can be extended to the nanoscale, where fluxes are fluctuating quantities. The second law of thermodynamics implies that in mesoscopic systems entropy increases on average but leaves open the possibility for these systems to transiently absorb heat from their environment when driven out of equilibrium. Fluctuation relations relate the probability to produce a certain amount of entropy and to reduce the same amount of entropy during a fixed time interval and have been confirmed with different experimental setups. Extreme-value statistics of thermodynamic fluxes characterize the most extreme deviations from the average behaviors. Here we report on the experimental measurement of stochastic entropy production and of records of negative entropy. For this purpose, we employ a metallic double dot under a constant external DC bias which realizes a nonequilibrium steady state. We find that the cumulative distribution of entropy production's negative record is bounded at all times by a limiting exponential distribution with a mean value equal to minus the Boltzmann constant. Using this result, we derive an upper bound for the average maximal entropy uptake by a mesoscopic system from its environment in a finite time and demonstrate this result with experimental data. Our work provides general bounds and equalities for the extreme-value statistics of correlated random variables about which not much is known. Our results will help to shed light on the statistics of overheating events in single-electronic devices which are relevant for the design of reversible computing devices operating near minimal heat dissipation governed by Landauer's principle.