Wildfire history and fire ecology of the Swiss National Park (Central Alps): new evidence from charcoal, pollen and plant macrofossils
Wildfire history and fire ecology of the Swiss National Park (Central Alps): new evidence from charcoal, pollen and plant macrofossils
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瑞士国家公园（中央阿尔卑斯山）的野火历史和火灾生态：来自木炭、花粉和植物大化石的新证据
DOI：
10.1191/0959683606hol967rp
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发表时间：
2006
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
B. Allgöwer
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
M. Stähli;W. Finsinger;W. Tinner;B. Allgöwer
在2000年10月至2004年12月，对亚高山针叶林两个沼泽沉积物中的微观（> 10 mm）和宏观（> 200 mm）木炭颗粒进行了分析。海拔1800米在瑞士东南部。花粉和植物化石表明，自公元前6000年以来，Pinus mugo ssp. uncinata（DC）Domin（“直立山松”）是其中一个研究地点（Il Fuorn）的主要树种。相比之下，自c以来，以欧洲云杉（Picea abies）为主的森林已经形成了植被。公元前4000年，在“富尔德拉-帕卢隆加”附近的沼泽地。根据森林类型、气候和土地使用情况，平均火灾重现期从250年到600年不等。在山区松林（Il Fuorn），当地火灾大约每250年发生一次，甚至在该地区被农业利用之前（即公元前3600年之前）。大约2000年前，花粉记录显示人类的影响加剧，导致富尔德拉的火灾活动增加。火灾后的植被动态表明，在伊尔Fuorn的山松树林有一个温和的火制度与混合的表面和冠火灾。在高山生态系统中，火灾的影响通常被其他干扰因素所掩盖，如风吹、山体滑坡、真菌腐烂以及气候变化或人类土地使用。然而，我们的研究结果表明，第一次自然野火施加了重大的控制，对亚高山针叶林生态系统的瑞士国家公园及其邻近地区，例如，通过有助于维持松mugo ssp。整个全新世中晚期的钩齿类森林。
Microscopic (> 10 mm) and macroscopic (> 200 mm) charcoal particles were analysed in sediments from two mires in subalpine coniferous forests at c. 1800 m a.s.l. in southeastern Switzerland. Pollen and plant macrofossils suggest that since 6000 BC, Pinus mugo ssp. uncinata (DC) Domin (‘upright mountain pine’) has mostly been the dominant tree species at one of the study sites (Il Fuorn). In contrast, forests dominated by Picea abies (Norway spruce) have formed the vegetation since c. 4000 BC around the mire ‘Fuldera-Palü Lunga’. Mean fire-return intervals (MFI) varied from 250 to > 600 years, depending on forest type, climate and land use. In mountain-pine forests (Il Fuorn), local fires occurred approximately every 250 years, even before the region was agriculturally used (ie, before 3600 BC). About 2000 years ago, intensified human impact as documented by the pollen record resulted in increased fire activity at Fuldera. Post-fire vegetation dynamics suggest that the mountain-pine stands at Il Fuorn had a moderate fire regime with a mix of surface and crown fires. In alpine ecosystems, the impact of fire is generally overshadowed by other disturbance factors such as windthrow, landslides, fungal decay and by climate changes or human land use. Nevertheless, our results show for the first time that natural wildfires exerted a major control on the subalpine coniferous forest ecosystems of the Swiss National Park and its neighbouring areas, eg, by contributing to maintain Pinus mugo ssp. uncinata forests throughout the mid and late Holocene.