2. CONSTRUCTIONS OF "HOME,""FRONT," AND WOMEN'S MILITARY EMPLOYMENT IN FIRST-WORLD-WAR BRITAIN: A SPATIAL INTERPRETATION
2. CONSTRUCTIONS OF "HOME,""FRONT," AND WOMEN'S MILITARY EMPLOYMENT IN FIRST-WORLD-WAR BRITAIN: A SPATIAL INTERPRETATION
复制标题
2.第一次世界大战时期英国的“家园”、“前线”和女性军事就业的构建：空间解读
DOI：
10.1111/hith.10672
复制
发表时间：
2013
影响因子：
1.1
通讯作者：
ROBERT K
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
ROBERT K
在第一次世界大战期间的英国，女性为军队履行非战斗职责的雄心遭到了公众的强烈反对。尽管如此，到 1916 年底，已有多达 10,000 名女性志愿军成员在军队工作，为大约 90,000 名官方妇女服务辅助人员奠定了基础，她们在战争后半段担任武装部队的支持职位。本文重点关注公众辩论，志愿者们在辩论中克服了批评者，了解他们如何为自己的武术工作获得足够的民众认可。我用改变霸权对空间的理解来解释这个过程。正如辩论中批评者的论点所表明的那样，参与战争的性别归属是在空间上组织和表现的，将男性作为战士分配到好战的“前线”，将女性分配到作为平民的和平“家园”。为了重新定义这些性别战时空间的含义，女性志愿者在她们的军事就业运动中部署了竞争性的空间话语和实践。本文通过女权主义和空间理论探讨了这些相互竞争的定义的进展，包括性别表演性、话语建构和建设性空间以及异托邦。我认为，性别和空间规范方面的战争引起的剧变破坏了空间的绝对概念化，批评家们在二元区域中提出论点，并强化了最近的相对空间性，包括在训练或恢复中的士兵的“家”和“前线”之间并平行的军事化异位场所的文化建设。志愿者为获得军事就业机会所做的努力既促成了这一转变，也得到了这一转变的支持。异位场所为通过军事训练和工作的表现来构建辅助士兵的新性别角色提供了理想的话语场所，而相互竞争的空间定义则提供了论据，通过这些论据，他们可以向批评者和支持者证明自己的活动是合理的。
In First‐World‐War Britain, women's ambition to perform noncombatant duties for the military faced considerable public opposition. Nevertheless, by late 1916 up to 10,000 members of the female volunteer corps were working for the army, laying the foundation for some 90,000 auxiliaries of the official Women's Services, who filled support positions in the armed forces in the second half of the war. This essay focuses on the public debate in which the volunteers overcame their critics to understand how they obtained sufficient popular consent for their martial work. I explain the process in terms of shifting hegemonic understandings of space. As critics' arguments in the debate indicate, the gender attribution of war participation was organized and represented spatially, assigning men to the warlike “front” as warriors and women to the peaceful “home” as civilians. To redefine the meaning of these gendered wartime spaces, women volunteers deployed rival spatial discourses and practices in their campaign for martial employment. The essay explores the progress of these competing definitions through feminist and spatial theories, including gender performativity, discursively constructed and constructive spaces, and heterotopias. I argue that the upheaval caused by the war in gender and spatial norms undermined absolute conceptualizations of space with dichotomous binary areas on which critics drew for their arguments and reinforced more recent, relative spatialities, including the cultural construction of militarized heterotopic sites in between and paralleling both “home” and “front” for soldiers in training or recovery. The volunteers' efforts to gain access to military employment both contributed to and were supported by this shift. Heterotopic sites offered ideal discursive locations for constructing the new gender role of auxiliary soldiering through the performance of martial training and work, and competing spatial definitions provided arguments through which they could justify their activities to both critics and supporters.