Return rates from intertidal foraging from Blombos Cave to Pinnacle Point: Understanding early human economies
Return rates from intertidal foraging from Blombos Cave to Pinnacle Point: Understanding early human economies
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DOI：
10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.01.008
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发表时间：
2016-03-01
影响因子：
3.2
通讯作者：
Hill, Kim
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
De Vynck, Jan C.;Anderson, Robert;Hill, Kim
南非南海岸为早期智人开发中石器时代(MSA)海岸资源提供了最早的证据。在世界各地的沿海考古学中，关于潮间带觅食的一般生产力一直存在争议，导致了直接测量某些地区生产力的研究，但在南非还没有这样的研究。在这里，我们提出了从布隆伯斯洞穴到顶点的南非南部海岸潮间带觅食的能量回报率估计。对该地区的Khoi-San后代进行了觅食实验，并在两个研究年中测量了有经验的觅食者在退潮前41天和三个季节的每小时热量归还率。现场返回率随着性别、潮位、海洋栖息地类型和天气条件的不同而变化。整个样本的总能量返回率(1492kcal h(-1))等于或超过了其他狩猎-采集研究报告的潮间带返回率，以及从狩猎哺乳动物和采集植物等各种活动测量的返回率。在最佳组合条件下，预计回报率将非常高(男性类似3400千卡时(-1)，女性类似1900千卡小时(-1))。然而，由于每月的潮汐周期，高回报觅食每月只可能有大约10天，在这些日子里只有2-3小时。这些实验表明，虽然潮间带资源很有吸引力，但妇女和儿童不可能独立生存，也不可能仅靠海洋资源满足他们所有的蛋白质和脂肪需求，而且需要大量额外的能量和营养，来自植物采集和/或贡献猎物的雄性。(C)2016爱思唯尔有限公司。保留所有权利。
The south coast of South Africa provides the earliest evidence for Middle Stone Age (MSA) coastal resource exploitation by early Homo sapiens. In coastal archaeology worldwide, there has been a debate over the general productivity of intertidal foraging, leading to studies that directly measure productivity in some regions, but there have been no such studies in South Africa. Here we present energetic return rate estimates for intertidal foraging along the southern coast of South Africa from Blombos Cave to Pinnacle Point. Foraging experiments were conducted with Khoi-San descendants of the region, and hourly caloric return rates for experienced foragers were measured on 41 days near low tide and through three seasons over two study years. On-site return rates varied as a function of sex, tidal level, marine habitat type and weather conditions. The overall energetic return rate from the entire sample (1492 kcal h(-1)) equals or exceeds intertidal returns reported from other hunter-gatherer studies, as well as measured return rates for activities as diverse as hunting mammals and plant collecting. Returns are projected to be exceptionally high (similar to 3400 kcal h(-1) for men, similar to 1900 kcal h(-1) for women) under the best combination of conditions. However, because of the monthly tidal cycle, high return foraging is only possible for about 10 days per month and for only 2-3 h on those days. These experiments suggest that while intertidal resources are attractive, women and children could not have subsisted independently, nor met all their protein-lipid needs from marine resources alone, and would have required substantial additional energy and nutrients from plant gathering and/or from males contributing game. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.