Neurogenetics of aggressive behavior: studies in rodents.
Neurogenetics of aggressive behavior: studies in rodents.
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DOI：
10.1007/7854_2013_263
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发表时间：
2014
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Miczek, Klaus A
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Takahashi, Aki;Miczek, Klaus A
攻击性行为在许多动物物种中观察到，例如昆虫、鱼、蜥蜴、青蛙和包括人类在内的大多数哺乳动物。这种广泛的保护强调了攻击行为在动物生存和健康中的重要性，以及这种行为的可能遗传性。虽然不同物种之间攻击行为的典型模式不同，但啮齿类动物、灵长类动物和人类之间的攻击神经生物学存在一些一致性。对啮齿动物模型的研究可能最终有助于我们了解人类攻击性的神经遗传结构。然而，重要的是要认识到之间的生态和行为学意义的侵略行为（物种典型的侵略）和适应不良的暴力（升级的侵略）时，应用的侵略研究结果，使用动物模型，以人类或兽医。在实验室环境中充分研究攻击行为的啮齿动物模型包括小鼠（Mus musculus）、大鼠（Rattus norvegicus）、仓鼠（Mesocricetus auratus）和草原田鼠（Microtus ochrogaster）。啮齿动物攻击行为的神经回路已逐渐被多种技术所阐明，如立即早期基因（c-Fos）表达的免疫组织化学、颅内药物显微注射、体内微透析和光遗传学技术。此外，从基因敲除小鼠的分析中积累的证据表明，几个基因参与了攻击性。在这里，我们回顾了与攻击性有关的脑回路，如下丘脑，前额叶皮层（PFC），中缝背核（DRN），延髓核（NAc）和嗅觉系统。然后，我们讨论了谷氨酸和γ-氨基丁酸（GABA），主要的抑制性和兴奋性氨基酸在大脑中的作用，以及它们的受体，在控制攻击行为，主要集中在最近的研究结果。在本章的最后，我们将讨论如何使用所谓的正向遗传学方法来识别构成攻击性个体差异的基因。
Aggressive behavior is observed in many animal species, such as insects, fish, lizards, frogs, and most mammals including humans. This wide range of conservation underscores the importance of aggressive behavior in the animals’ survival and fitness, and the likely heritability of this behavior. Although typical patterns of aggressive behavior differ between species, there are several concordances in the neurobiology of aggression among rodents, primates, and humans. Studies with rodent models may eventually help us to understand the neurogenetic architecture of aggression in humans. However, it is important to recognize the difference between the ecological and ethological significance of aggressive behavior (species-typical aggression) and maladaptive violence (escalated aggression) when applying the findings of aggression research using animal models to human or veterinary medicine. Well-studied rodent models for aggressive behavior in the laboratory setting include the mouse (Mus musculus), rat (Rattus norvegicus), hamster (Mesocricetus auratus), and prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster). The neural circuits of rodent aggression have been gradually elucidated by several techniques e.g. immunohistochemistry of immediate-early gene (c-Fos) expression, intracranial drug microinjection, in vivo microdialysis, and optogenetics techniques. Also, evidence accumulated from the analysis of gene-knockout mice shows the involvement of several genes in aggression. Here we review the brain circuits that have been implicated in aggression, such as the hypothalamus, prefrontal cortex (PFC), dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), nucleus accumbens (NAc), and olfactory system. We then discuss the roles of glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), major inhibitory and excitatory amino acids in the brain, as well as their receptors, in controlling aggressive behavior, focusing mainly on recent findings. At the end of this chapter, we discuss how genes can be identified that underlie individual differences in aggression, using the so-called forward genetics approach.