Lost in translational biology: Understanding sex differences to inform studies of diseases of the nervous system.
Lost in translational biology: Understanding sex differences to inform studies of diseases of the nervous system.
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迷失在转化生物学中：了解性别差异为神经系统疾病的研究提供信息。
DOI：
10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146352
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发表时间：
2019
期刊：
影响因子：
2.9
通讯作者：
Young-Pearse,TracyL
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Pearse2nd,RichardV;Young-Pearse,TracyL
男性和女性是不同的。这句话简单而明显，在生物医学研究中，历史上一直存在一种趋势，要么根本不考虑性别，要么在临床和临床前模型系统研究中只使用男性。结果是大量的研究反映了男性的平均生物学和病理学，即使我们知道女性和男性之间的疾病风险，表现和对治疗的反应可能不同。这是事实，尽管程度不同，几乎所有的神经和精神疾病。然而，忽视性别作为一个生物变量的日子已经结束了-这既是因为认识到遗传性别会影响大脑功能，也是因为2014年美国国立卫生研究院要求在每个拨款申请中解决“性别作为一个生物变量”的任务。这篇评论是为神经科学家写的，他们以前可能没有考虑过性作为一个生物学变量，但现在正在探索最好的方法来调整他们的研究计划，以考虑这一重要的生物学。我们首先提供了一个简短的概述的证据表明，男性与女性的大脑差异是生物学和临床意义。然后，我们提出了一些基本原则，已锻造的专用，但一小群开创性的研究人员沿着的工具和模型系统的描述，将性别差异的组成部分纳入一个研究项目。最后，我们将重点介绍一些关键技术，这些技术在未来几年可能会提供有关人类大脑性别差异的关键信息。
Female and male humans are different. As simple and obvious as that statement is, in biomedical research there has been an historical tendency to either not consider sex at all or to only use males in clinical and in preclinical model system studies. The result is a large volume of research that reflects the average biology and pathology of males even though we know that disease risk, presentation, and response to therapies can be different between females and males. This is true, albeit to differing degrees, for virtually all neurological and psychiatric diseases. However, the days of ignoring sex as a biological variable are over – both because of the realization that genetic sex impacts brain function, and because of the 2014 mandate by the U.S. National Institutes of Health that requires that “sex as a biological variable” be addressed in each grant application. This review is written for neuroscientists who may not have considered sex as a biological variable previously but who now are navigating the best way to adapt their research programs to consider this important biology. We first provide a brief overview of the evidence that male versus female differences in the brain are biologically and clinically meaningful. We then present some fundamental principles that have been forged by a dedicated but small group of ground-breaking researchers along with a description of tools and model systems for incorporating a sex differences component into a research project. Finally, we will highlight some key technologies that, in the coming years, are likely to provide critical information about sex differences in the human brain.