Designing Head-Up Displays (HUDs) to Support Flight Path Guidance While Minimizing Effects of Cognitive Tunneling
Designing Head-Up Displays (HUDs) to Support Flight Path Guidance While Minimizing Effects of Cognitive Tunneling
复制标题
设计平视显示器 (HUD) 以支持飞行路径引导，同时最大限度地减少认知隧道的影响
DOI：
10.1177/154193120004401312
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发表时间：
2000
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
C. Wickens
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
P. Ververs;C. Wickens
本研究探讨了不同的飞行路径HUD符号的一致性对飞行路径跟踪和认知隧道的影响。部分保形和保形符号集是为进近/着陆（空基）和滑行（陆基）飞行阶段创建的。部分保形进场符号是由十字准线组成的飞行指引仪，并过渡到滑行符号，这是跑道和滑行道的平面图。保形进场符号是一个空中隧道，然后是跑道符号，它是与场景相连的保形跑道塔。20名飞行员使用每个符号集进行了25次进场飞行。在复杂的曲线进场中，保形的空中隧道符号比部分保形的飞行指引仪更能有效地支持飞行员。此外，与空中隧道一起飞行还可以在次要目标检测任务中获得更好的性能。在地面上，共形符号集支持着陆和滑行导航任务，其效率和精度与部分共形平面图符号集大致相同。为了研究认知隧道，飞行员被引入了三个独立的和意想不到的事件。飞行员在使用两种保形装置时对所有三种情况的反应时间都非常慢。然而，趋势表明，当两个符号集之间存在差异时，隧道会导致性能不佳。分析表明，飞行员几乎不需要参考外部环境来获得精确的空中隧道符号飞行，因此不太可能发现意外事件。然而，场景链接的共形符号（地面）集支持符号和环境之间的扫描，并导致对意外滑行道交通的更快响应时间的趋势。虽然两个符号集都被认为是共形的，但只有场景链接符号集是真正的共形的，因为它有一个远域对应物来将仪器绑定到场景。我们假设的概念，只有真正的共形符号可以打击认知隧道的影响。
This study investigates the effects of varying the conformality of the flight path HUD symbology on flight path tracking and cognitive tunneling. Partially conformal and conformal symbology sets were created for the approach/landing (air-based) and taxi (ground-based) phases of flight. The partially conformal approach symbology was a flight director consisting of crosshairs and transitioned into the taxi symbology, which was a plan-view of the runway and taxiway. The conformal approach symbology was a tunnel-in-the-sky followed by runway symbology, which was scene-linked, conformal runway pylons. Twenty pilots flew 25 approaches with each symbology set. The conformal, tunnel-in-the-sky symbology was more effective in supporting the pilots in navigating complex curved approaches than the partially conformal flight director. In addition, flying with the tunnel-in-the-sky also lead to better performance on secondary target detection tasks. On the ground, the conformal symbology set supported landing and taxi navigation tasks with approximately equal efficiency and precision as the partially conformal plan-view symbology. To investigate cognitive tunneling, pilots were introduced to three separate and unanticipated events. Pilots had extremely slow response times to all three events using both the conformal sets. However, trends indicated that when differences existed between the two symbology sets it was the tunnel that lead to suboptimal performance. Analyses revealed that pilots had little need to reference the outside environment to obtain precise flying with the tunnel-in-the-sky symbology and therefore were less likely to detect unexpected events. However, the scene-linked conformal symbology (ground) set supported the scan between the symbology and the environment and led to a trend of faster response times to the unexpected taxiway traffic. Though both symbology sets are considered conformal only the scene-linked symbology set is truly conformal since it has a far-domain counterpart to bind the instrumentation to the scene. We postulate the notion that only truly conformal symbology can combat the effects of cognitive tunneling.