Resolving presynaptic structure by electron tomography.
Resolving presynaptic structure by electron tomography.
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DOI：
10.1002/syn.21813
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发表时间：
2015-05
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Spirou GA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Perkins GA;Jackson DR;Spirou GA
神经生物学的一个关键目标是产生一个理论框架，融合了大脑功能的结构，生理和分子解释。这些类别的解释并不是同步发展的;一个类别的进展定义了其他类别的新实验。例如，在用电子显微镜观察之前，突触在生理学和生物化学上被定义。事实上，20世纪50年代对突触的最初描述，被认为是量子神经传递的基底，突触前末梢中存在球形小泡，这给突触的最初描述提供了依据。在过去的几十年里，我们对突触功能的理解再次受到生理和分子技术的推动。突触囊泡的结构，流动性和融合的关键分子球员被确定和应用膜片钳技术允许的神经递质释放和受体特性的生理估计。这些进展需要更高分辨率的突触结构图像。在20世纪90年代期间，EM驱动的细胞生物学的第二次复兴被改进的电子断层扫描（ET）技术所推动，该技术具有在图像平面之间计算具有nm分辨率的虚拟图像的能力。在过去的十五年中，ET已被应用于突触前末梢，特别关注神经末梢的活动区和细胞器。在这篇综述中，我们首先总结了技术的进步，导致复苏的利用ET，然后我们总结了新的见解，通过应用ET揭示高分辨率的结构的神经末梢。
A key goal in neurobiology is to generate a theoretical framework that merges structural, physiological and molecular explanations of brain function. These categories of explanation do not advance in synchrony; advances in one category define new experiments in other categories. For example, the synapse was defined physiologically and biochemically before it was visualized using electron microscopy. Indeed, the original descriptions of synapses in the 1950s were lent credence by the presence of spherical vesicles in presynaptic terminals that were considered to be the substrate for quantal neurotransmission. In the last few decades, our understanding of synaptic function has again been driven by physiological and molecular techniques. The key molecular players for synaptic vesicle structure, mobility and fusion were identified and applications of the patch clamp technique permitted physiological estimation of neurotransmitter release and receptor properties. These advances demand higher resolution structural images of synapses. During the 1990s a second renaissance in cell biology driven by EM was fueled by improved techniques for electron tomography (ET) with the ability to compute virtual images with nm resolution between image planes. Over the last fifteen years, ET has been applied to the presynaptic terminal with special attention to the active zone and organelles of the nerve terminal. In this review, we first summarize the technical improvements that have led to a resurgence in utilization of ET and then we summarize new insights gained by the application of ET to reveal the high-resolution structure of the nerve terminal.