Strong negative effects of simulated heat waves in a tropical butterfly
Strong negative effects of simulated heat waves in a tropical butterfly
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DOI：
10.1242/jeb.106245
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发表时间：
2014-08-01
影响因子：
2.8
通讯作者：
Reim, Elisabeth
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Fischer, Klaus;Klockmann, Michael;Reim, Elisabeth
气候变化对地球上的所有自然系统构成了重大挑战。特别是热浪等极端天气事件的增加有可能对生物多样性产生强烈影响，但由于缺乏经验数据，人们对其影响知之甚少。因此，我们在这里探索的敏感性的热带外温动物，这是一般认为有一个低的变暖的容忍度，实验模拟气候变化，使用生态现实的昼夜温度周期。将平均温度永久提高3摄氏度，对蝴蝶Bicyclus anynana的发育特征影响很小。相比之下，模拟热浪（在一段时间内强烈升高的温度，但保持相同的总体温度平均值）通过延长发育时间（高达10%）和减少体重（-21%）引起强烈的负面影响，特别是当与相对湿度降低相结合时。有害的影响会延续到成年阶段，降低随后的表现。最引人注目的是，较高的温度抑制了成虫的免疫功能（血细胞：-54%，溶菌酶活性：-32%），这可能会改变物种与拮抗剂相互作用的方式。因此，热浪使发育时间和体重的适应性参数降低了10-25%，甚至在这种塑料和广泛分布的蝴蝶中，免疫参数也降低了高达54%，这说明了极端天气事件对生物多样性的潜在巨大影响。
Climate change poses a significant challenge to all natural systems on Earth. Especially increases in extreme weather events such as heat waves have the potential to strongly affect biodiversity, though their effects are poorly understood because of a lack of empirical data. Therefore, we here explore the sensitivity of a tropical ectotherm, which are in general believed to have a low warming tolerance, to experimentally simulated climate change using ecologically realistic diurnal temperature cycles. Increasing the mean temperature permanently by 3 degrees C had mostly minor effects on developmental traits in the butterfly Bicyclus anynana. Simulated heat waves (strongly elevated temperatures for some time though retaining the same overall temperature mean), in contrast, caused strong negative effects by prolonging development time (by up to 10%) and reducing body mass (-21%), especially when combined with reduced relative humidity. Detrimental effects were carried over into the adult stage, diminishing subsequent performance. Most strikingly, higher temperatures suppressed adult immune function (haemocytes: -54%, lysozyme activity: -32%), which may potentially change the way species interact with antagonists. Heat waves thus reduced fitness parameters by 10-25% for development time and body mass and by up to 54% for immune parameters even in this plastic and widespread butterfly, exemplifying the potentially dramatic impact of extreme weather events on biodiversity.