On The universality of argumentative reasoning
On The universality of argumentative reasoning
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论论证推理的普遍性
DOI：
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发表时间：
2011
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
H. Mercier
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
H. Mercier
根据论证推理理论，人类为了论证目的而进化出了推理能力（通常称为“系统2”或“分析”推理）。这意味着某些推理技能应该是通用的。这种说法似乎与跨文化研究的结果不一致。首先，继卢里亚之后的大量研究表明，文盲群体在解决简单但抽象的三段论方面存在明显的困难。然而，可以证明的是，一旦他们愿意接受任务的实用性，这些参与者就可以达到或接近上限。其次，历史学、社会学和人类学研究被用来声称某些东方文化尚未发展出论证。这些说法是过于简单化和选择性地看待数据的结果。仔细观察就会发现，论证的形式非常复杂，尤其是在中国文化中。第三，跨文化心理学家进行了广泛的研究计划，旨在表明东方人不依赖非矛盾原则，并且他们使用整体而非分析思维。对这些实验的回顾表明，东方人和西方人处理争论的方式没有出现质的差异，并且在适当的背景下，两种人群都可以轻松地诉诸整体或分析思维。从这篇批判性评论中可以得出这样的结论：论证中涉及的推理技能似乎是通用的，尽管它们在不同的文化背景下可以以不同的方式使用。
According to the argumentative theory of reasoning, humans have evolved reasoning abilities (usually known as ‘system 2’ or ‘analytic’ reasoning) for argumentative purposes. This implies that some reasoning skills should be universals. Such a claim seems to be at odd with findings from cross-cultural research. First, a wealth of research, following the work of Luria, has shown apparent difficulties for illiterate populations to solve simple but abstract syllogisms. It can be shown however that once they are willing to accept the pragmatics of the task, these participants can perform at or near ceiling. Second, historical, sociological and anthropological research has been used to claim that some Eastern cultures have not developed argumentation. These claims are the result of oversimplifications and of a selective view of the data. A closer looks reveals instead very elaborate forms of argumentation, in Chinese culture particularly. Third, cross-cultural psychologists have carried out an extensive research program aimed at showing that Easterners do not rely on the principle of non-contradiction and that they use holistic rather than analytic thinking. A review of these experiments shows that no qualitative difference emerges in the way Easterners and Westerners deal with argumentation and that in the proper context both populations can easily have recourse to holistic or analytic thinking. It is possible to conclude from this critical review that the reasoning skills involved in argumentation seem to be universal even though they can be used in different ways in various cultural contexts.