Respiratory disease and sero-epidemiology of respiratory pathogens in the working horses of Ethiopia
Respiratory disease and sero-epidemiology of respiratory pathogens in the working horses of Ethiopia
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DOI：
10.1111/evj.12834
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发表时间：
2018-11-01
影响因子：
2.2
通讯作者：
Pinchbeck, G.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Laing, G.;Christley, R.;Pinchbeck, G.
背景：病原体经常与马呼吸道疾病有关。在埃塞俄比亚，呼吸道疾病是兽医诊所就诊的常见原因，也是工作马的使用者优先关注的问题。然而，关于可能病因的现有文献很少。目的：通过血清学调查确定呼吸道症状的患病率和主要呼吸道病原体的暴露情况。研究设计：横断面。方法：对来自埃塞俄比亚中部 19 个地点的系统选择的马进行临床检查并采样一次（2013 年 8 月至 12 月）。面对面的采访收集了有关马匹管理和历史的数据。血清学检测针对马流感病毒 (EIV)、马疱疹病毒-1 (EHV-1) 和 -4 (EHV-4)、马鼻炎病毒 A (ERAV) 和 B (ERBV)、马动脉炎病毒 (EAV) 和马链球菌马亚种 (S.equi)。 结果：马主报告 38% 的马近期有咳嗽病史，7% 的马有流鼻涕史。检查期间没有观察到动物咳嗽，但 6% 有鼻分泌物。针对马链球菌的抗体最为普遍（8%，33/350）。在一只动物 (0.3%) 中确认了 EAV 抗体。 EHV-1/4 和 ERA/BV 抗体滴度低表明之前曾接触过，但未检测到 EIV 抗体。对与马链球菌血清状态相关的危险因素进行多变量、多水平逻辑回归分析显示，年轻动物和工作频率较低的动物出现血清阳性的几率较高。主要局限性：单个血清学样本无法描述抗体的动态变化。在工作地点对马匹进行采样可能会导致健康工人的偏见。结论：马链球菌可能是该人群中的地方病，并在一定程度上导致了呼吸道疾病的发生。除 EIV 外，病毒抗体的低流行率表明存在这些病原体，但不太可能是呼吸道症状的主要原因，也应调查疾病的非感染性原因。该地区的工作马很容易受到马流感的侵袭。
Background: Pathogens are frequently implicated in equine respiratory disease. In Ethiopia, respiratory disease is a frequent cause for presentation at veterinary clinics and a priority concern for users of working horses. However, there is little existing literature on possible aetiologies.Objectives: Determine prevalence of respiratory signs and exposure to major respiratory pathogens through a serological survey.Study design: Cross-sectional.Methods: Systematically selected horses from 19 sites in central Ethiopia were examined clinically and sampled once (August-December 2013). A face-toface interview collected data on horses' management and history. Serological testing targeted equine influenza virus (EIV), equine herpesviruses-1 (EHV-1) and -4 (EHV-4), equine rhinitis viruses A (ERAV) and B (ERBV), equine arteritis virus (EAV) and Streptococcus equi subspecies equi (S. equi).Results: Owners reported a recent history of coughing in 38% of horses and nasal discharge in 7%. No animals were observed coughing during examination but 6% had a nasal discharge. Antibodies towards S. equi, were most prevalent (8%, 33/350). Antibodies to EAV were confirmed in one animal (0.3%). Low antibody titres to EHV-1/4 and ERA/BV suggested prior exposure but antibodies to EIV were not detected. Multivariable, multilevel logistic regression analysis for risk factors associated with S. equi serostatus showed higher odds of seropositivity in younger animals and those working less frequently.Main limitations: A single serological sample cannot describe dynamic changes in antibodies. Sampling horses at the place of work may result in healthy-worker bias.Conclusions: S. equi may be endemic in this population and contributing, in part, to the occurrence of respiratory disease. Low prevalence of antibodies to viruses, with the exception of EIV, indicates these pathogens are present, but unlikely a predominant cause of respiratory signs and noninfectious causes of disease should also be investigated. Working horses in this region would be vulnerable to incursion of equine influenza.