Biodiversity at multiple trophic levels is needed for ecosystem multifunctionality
Biodiversity at multiple trophic levels is needed for ecosystem multifunctionality
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DOI：
10.1038/nature19092
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发表时间：
2016-08-25
期刊：
影响因子：
64.8
通讯作者：
Allan, Eric
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Soliveres, Santiago;van der Plas, Fons;Allan, Eric
许多实验表明，生物多样性的丧失降低了生态系统提供人类赖以生存的多种服务的能力（1,2）。然而，实验必然会简化自然生态系统的复杂性，并且通常会控制生态系统功能的其他重要驱动因素，如环境或土地利用。此外，现有的研究通常侧重于单一营养类群的多样性，而忽视了生物多样性丧失发生在许多分类群中的事实（3,4），以及任何营养类群的功能影响可能取决于其他类群的丰度和多样性（5,6）。本文分析了150个草原的9个营养类群（包括4600个地上、地下类群）和14个生态系统服务功能及其同时提供（或多功能）的物种丰富度与丰度之间的关系。研究表明，高物种丰富度的多营养类群（多营养丰富度）比任何单个营养类群的丰富度对生态系统服务具有更强的正向作用；这包括植物物种丰富度，这是生物多样性最广泛使用的衡量标准。平均而言，三个营养类群影响每个生态系统服务，每个营养类群影响至少一种服务。多营养丰富度对“调节”和“文化”服务以及多功能性特别有益，而多营养群中物种或生物量总丰度的变化（多营养丰度）对支持服务产生积极影响。多营养丰富度和丰度对生态系统功能的影响与非生物条件和土地利用强度一样强烈，将之前的实验结果（7,8）扩展到现实世界的生态系统。初级生产者、草食性昆虫和微生物分解者似乎是生态系统功能的特别重要驱动因素，它们的丰富度或丰度与多种生态系统服务之间存在强烈而频繁的正相关。我们的研究结果表明，多营养丰富度和丰度支持生态系统的功能，并表明对单一群体的关注导致研究人员大大低估了生物多样性的功能重要性。
Many experiments have shown that loss of biodiversity reduces the capacity of ecosystems to provide the multiple services on which humans depend(1,2). However, experiments necessarily simplify the complexity of natural ecosystems and will normally control for other important drivers of ecosystem functioning, such as the environment or land use. In addition, existing studies typically focus on the diversity of single trophic groups, neglecting the fact that biodiversity loss occurs across many taxa(3,4) and that the functional effects of any trophic group may depend on the abundance and diversity of others(5,6). Here we report analysis of the relationships between the species richness and abundance of nine trophic groups, including 4,600 above-and below-ground taxa, and 14 ecosystem services and functions and with their simultaneous provision (or multifunctionality) in 150 grasslands. We show that high species richness in multiple trophic groups (multitrophic richness) had stronger positive effects on ecosystem services than richness in any individual trophic group; this includes plant species richness, the most widely used measure of biodiversity. On average, three trophic groups influenced each ecosystem service, with each trophic group influencing at least one service. Multitrophic richness was particularly beneficial for 'regulating' and 'cultural' services, and for multifunctionality, whereas a change in the total abundance of species or biomass in multiple trophic groups (the multitrophic abundance) positively affected supporting services. Multitrophic richness and abundance drove ecosystem functioning as strongly as abiotic conditions and land-use intensity, extending previous experimental results(7,8) to real-world ecosystems. Primary producers, herbivorous insects and microbial decomposers seem to be particularly important drivers of ecosystem functioning, as shown by the strong and frequent positive associations of their richness or abundance with multiple ecosystem services. Our results show that multitrophic richness and abundance support ecosystem functioning, and demonstrate that a focus on single groups has led to researchers to greatly underestimate the functional importance of biodiversity.