The roles of genes and the environment in the expression and evolution of alternative tactics
The roles of genes and the environment in the expression and evolution of alternative tactics
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DOI：
10.1017/cbo9780511542602.006
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发表时间：
2008-01-01
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Emlen, Douglas J.
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文献类型：
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作者：
Emlen, Douglas J.
在许多动物种群中，个体可以发育成几种可选表型中的任何一种（例如，守护和潜行的男性形式）。有时，个体所采用的表型完全取决于特定等位基因的存在。更典型的是，它取决于环境：个体遇到一组条件会产生一种表型，个体遇到一组不同的条件会产生另一种-通常是惊人的不同-表型。教师采用的替代策略包括异常易处理和直观形式的发育表型可塑性，其潜在的调控机制清楚地说明了基因和环境如何相互作用来控制动物的发育。在这里，我回顾这些监管机制的基本组成部分，以显示如何替代的发展轨迹与动物遇到的特定环境条件相结合。对这些潜在机制的明确考虑为思考策略表达的遗传变异以及更精确地考虑动物替代策略如何进化提供了一个有用的框架。我用一个昆虫的例子（有角和无角的雄性甲虫）说明这种整合的发展和进化的观点，但类似的过程调节其他节肢动物和脊椎动物的战术表达。
In many animal populations, individuals may develop into any of several alternative phenotypes (e.g., guarding and sneaking male forms). Occasionally, the phenotype adopted by an individual depends entirely on the presence of a specific allele(s). More typically, it depends on the environment: individuals encountering one set of conditions produce one phenotype, individuals encountering a different set of conditions produce an alternative - often strikingly different - phenotype. Facultatively adopted alternative tactics comprise unusually tractable and intuitive forms of developmental phenotypic plasticity, and their underlying regulatory mechanisms clearly illustrate how genes and the environment can interact to control animal development. Here I review the basic components of these regulatory mechanisms to show how alternative trajectories of development are coupled with the specific environmental conditions that animals encounter. Explicit consideration of these underlying mechanisms provides a useful framework for thinking about heritable variation in tactic expression and for considering more precisely how animal alternative tactics evolve. I illustrate this integration of developmental and evolutionary perspectives using an insect example (horned and hornless male beetles), but analogous processes regulate tactic expression in other arthropods and in vertebrates.