Datafying Disaster: Institutional Framings of Data Production Following Superstorm Sandy
Datafying Disaster: Institutional Framings of Data Production Following Superstorm Sandy
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DOI：
10.1080/24694452.2017.1402673
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发表时间：
2018-01-01
影响因子：
3.9
通讯作者：
Burns, Ryan
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Burns, Ryan
在灾难发生后，社区组织起来制作空间数据，以获取关于灾难的知识，并填补正式应急人员留下的空白。社区影响整体应对努力的方式可能会造成不平等、丧失权力或进一步边缘化。越来越多地，这种组织和知识生产是通过数字技术进行的，最近，数字人道主义已成为此类技术的重要组成部分。数字人道主义包括众包危机地图平台Ushaidi和志愿者社区人道主义OpenStreetMap团队等技术，该团队专注于业余生成的全球底图OpenStreetMap。数字人道主义正在改变灾难后获取需求和知识并将其表示为数据的方式。这些转变为地理学家提出了重要的问题，他们对构成数据生产和表示框架的社会政治和制度过程感兴趣。在这篇文章中，我通过借鉴2012年超级风暴桑迪后在华盛顿特区和纽约市发生的一个人种学项目，为地理学家理解机构和基于社区的政治做出贡献，这些政治构成了在灾难背景下产生的数据类型。我展示了数字人道主义者在纽约罗克韦半岛产生的数据，以回应正式紧急响应人员的感知差距。在这样做的过程中，他们以当地社区倡导组织认为有问题的方式代表了需求、个人和社区。这些发现揭示了为什么产生特定数据集的政治和斗争，以及获取特定灾难相关需求和知识作为数据背后的动机。
In the wake of disasters, communities organize to produce spatial data capturing knowledge about the disaster and to fill gaps left by formal emergency responders. The ways in which communities affect overall response efforts can produce inequalities, disempowerment, or further marginalization. Increasingly, this organizing and knowledge production occurs through digital technologies and, recently, digital humanitarianism has become an important suite of such technologies. Digital humanitarianism includes technologies like the crowd-sourced crisis mapping platform Ushahidi and the community of volunteers Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Team, which focuses on the amateur-generated global base map OpenStreetMap. Digital humanitarianism is shifting how needs and knowledges are captured and represented as data following disasters. These transformations raise important questions for geographers interested in the sociopolitical and institutional processes that frame data production and representation. In this article, I contribute to geographers' efforts to understand the institutional and community-based politics that frame the types of data that are produced in disaster contexts by drawing on an ethnographic project that took place in both Washington, DC, and New York City after Superstorm Sandy in 2012. I show that digital humanitarians produced data in the Rockaway Peninsula of New York in response to perceived gaps on the part of formal emergency responders. In so doing, they represented needs, individuals, and communities in ways that local community advocacy organizations found problematic. These findings shed light on the politics and struggles around why particular data sets were produced and the motives behind capturing particular disaster-related needs and knowledge as data.