The TPP: Origins and Outcomes, Chapter 34 in Handbook of International Trade Agreements: Country, regional and global approaches
The TPP: Origins and Outcomes, Chapter 34 in Handbook of International Trade Agreements: Country, regional and global approaches
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《TPP：起源与结果》，《国际贸易协定手册：国家、区域和全球方法》第 34 章
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发表时间：
2018
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通讯作者：
J. Schott
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作者：
J. Schott
《跨太平洋伙伴关系协定》（TPP）是一项涉及亚太地区12个国家的国际商业协定，这些国家占全球经济的38%左右。它包括消除几乎所有关税和减少其他商品和服务贸易和投资壁垒的广泛义务，管理影响国际贸易的国内政策的新规则，以及促进遵守TPP条款的执行和争端解决程序。就伙伴国同意的改革的广度和深度而言，TPP是自1948年命运多舛的《国际贸易组织宪章》（Charter for an International Trade Organization，简称ITO）以来最全面的商业协定。美国是TPP的主要设计者；该协定与之前的美国自由贸易协定（fta）非常相似，并对其进行了扩充，要求对美国现有法律和实践进行相对较小的修改。经过近六年的谈判，TPP协议于2016年2月4日签署。但是，尽管美国对条约文本的影响力占主导地位，但美国国会对TPP的具体条款仍存在强烈反对，这推迟了国会对该贸易协定的行动。与ITO一样，国会从未考虑过TPP将在2016年实施立法。新的特朗普政府随后在2017年1月下旬撤回了美国的签署，原因不明，但主要是政治原因。有趣的是，美国退出TPP并没有扼杀该协议。相反，剩下的签署国决定推进一项略有修改的协议，更名为《全面与进步跨太平洋伙伴关系协定》（CPTPP）。基本协定保持不变，只对原来的实质性义务和生效条款作了少量修改。2018年1月23日，其余11个TPP签署国同意完成有关CPTPP条款的工作，并于2018年3月8日在智利签署修订后的协议。
The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) was an international commercial agreement among 12 nations in the Asia-Pacific region representing about 38 per cent of the global economy. It included wide-ranging obligations to eliminate almost all tariffs and reduce other barriers to trade and investment in goods and services, new rules governing domestic policies that affect international commerce, and enforcement and dispute resolution procedures to promote compliance with the TPP provisions. In terms of the breadth and depth of the reforms agreed by the partner countries, the TPP was more comprehensive than any commercial accord since the ill-fated 1948 Charter for an International Trade Organization (ITO). The USA was the lead architect of the TPP; the pact closely resembled and augmented previous US free trade agreements (FTAs) and required relatively minor changes in existing US law and practice. After almost six years of negotiations, the TPP agreement was signed on 4 February 2016. But despite the preponderant US influence on the treaty text, there still was strong opposition in the US Congress to specific provisions of the TPP, which delayed congressional action on the trade pact. As with the ITO, Congress never considered that the TPP would be implementing legislation in 2016. The new Trump Administration subsequently withdrew the US signature in late January 2017 for unspecified but largely political reasons. Interestingly, the US withdrawal from the TPP did not kill the deal. Instead, the remaining signatories decided to go forward with a slightly revised pact, renamed the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP). The basic deal was kept intact with only minor revisions to the original substantive obligations and entry into force provisions. On 23 January 2018, the 11 remaining TPP signatories agreed to finalize work on the CPTPP provisions and to sign the revised deal in Chile on 8 March 2018.