Linking covalent histone modifications to epigenetics: the rigidity and plasticity of the marks.
Linking covalent histone modifications to epigenetics: the rigidity and plasticity of the marks.
复制标题
DOI：
10.1101/sqb.2004.69.161
复制
发表时间：
2004
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Yanming Wang;Joanna Wysocka;J. Perlin;L. Leonelli;C. Allis;S. Coonrod
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Yanming Wang;Joanna Wysocka;J. Perlin;L. Leonelli;C. Allis;S. Coonrod
DNA双螺旋在组蛋白和非组蛋白的帮助下组织成复杂的染色质结构。因此，染色质是真核生物基因组的生理相关形式。虽然个体物种的不同遗传组成是其独特生理学和最终形态学的基础，但染色质提供了一个额外的层，用于将遗传信息转化为有意义的生物学读数（参见Strahl和Allis 2000; Jenuwein和Allis 2001; Felsenfeld和Groudine 2003）。越来越多的证据强调了生物学中的一个新兴主题，其中“表观遗传”机制被定义为在DNA序列变化之外操作的机制，通过创造潜在的可遗传的染色质替代状态来控制基因功能。DNA甲基化和组蛋白的共价修饰，如甲基化、乙酰化和磷酸化，被认为是通过作为整合细胞分化信号和环境线索的平台以及调节适当遗传信息的及时释放而促成这些染色质状态的（Cheung et al. 2000; Schreiber and伯恩斯坦2002）。上述组蛋白修饰中的几种通过酶促方法容易可逆;其他修饰可能是静态的（班尼斯特等人，2002;见下文）。一个有待解决的中心问题是这些机制在正常发育条件下或在各种病理条件下如何调节。哺乳动物胚胎发育分化的表生机制
the DNA double helix, is organized into a complex chromatin structure with the assistance of histone and nonhistone proteins. As such, chromatin is the physiologically relevant form of eukaryotic genomes. While it is largely uncontested that different genetic compositions of individual species underlie their unique physiology and final morphology, chromatin provides an additional layer for dictating the translation of genetic information into meaningful biological readouts (for review, see Strahl and Allis 2000; Jenuwein and Allis 2001; Felsenfeld and Groudine 2003). Increasing evidence underscores an emerging theme in biology wherein “epigenetic” mechanisms, defined as mechanisms operating outside of changes in DNA sequence, govern gene function by creating potentially heritable alternative states of chromatin. DNA methylation and covalent modifications of histones, such as methylation, acetylation, and phosphorylation, are thought to contribute to these chromatin states by serving as a platform that integrates cell differentiation signals and environmental cues as well as regulating the timely release of the appropriate genetic information (Cheung et al. 2000; Schreiber and Bernstein 2002). Several of the above histone modifications are readily reversible through enzymatic means; others are potentially static (Bannister et al. 2002; see below). One central problem that remains to be resolved is how these mechanisms are regulated either during normal developmental conditions or under various pathological conditions. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS UNDERLYING DIFFERENTIATION DURING MAMMALIAN EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT