The Floors of the Oceans I. The North Atlantic
The Floors of the Oceans I. The North Atlantic
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DOI：
10.1130/spe65-p1
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发表时间：
1959
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
B. Heezen;M. Tharp;M. Ewing
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
B. Heezen;M. Tharp;M. Ewing
对地球表面物理特征的描述可以在已知最早的著作中找到。然而，地貌的系统分类相对较新，是随着自然地质学的发展而出现的。各大洲的自然地形划分已根据几个类似的系统划分为自然地理省（Lobeck，1939；Fenneman，1938；Atwood，1940；等）。这些系统考虑了浮雕的形式和年龄，以及下面岩石的结构。通常以年龄、过程和结构等方面进行描述，最终目的是了解地形的起源和历史。提供 1:50,000 或更大比例的详细地形图，并与直接实地观测结合使用。最近，航空照片极大地帮助了地貌研究。相比之下，海洋学家仅将海洋细分为由山脊和海浪分隔的盆地。这是根据图表上显示的宽间隔离散探测来完成的，这些探测的比例很少超过 1:1000 万。这些盆地是由任意选择且通常粗略控制的等深线划定的。连续记录深海回声测深仪的研制和安装及其在深海的广泛应用，首次提供了深海海底详细的地形信息，从而为描述和分类提供了新的基础。
Descriptions of physical features of the earth's surface are found in the earliest-known writings. However, the systematic classification of land forms is relatively recent and followed the development of the science of physical geology. The natural topographic divisions of the continents have been classified into physiographic provinces according to several similar systems (Lobeck, 1939; Fenneman, 1938; Atwood, 1940; and others). These systems take into account form and age of the relief, as well as the structure of the underlying rocks. Descriptions are usually given in terms of age, process, and structure, with the ultimate aim the understanding of the origin and history of topography. Detailed topographic maps at 1: 50,000 or larger are available and are used in conjunction with direct field observations. More recently aerial photographs have greatly aided geomorphic studies.The oceans, in contrast, have been subdivided by oceanographers merely into basins separated by ridges and swells. This was done on the basis of widely spaced discrete soundings shown on charts rarely of larger scale than 1: 10 million. The basins were delimited by arbitrarily chosen and often crudely controlled isobaths. The development and installation of continuously recording deep-sea echo sounders and their extensive use in the deep sea provide for the first time detailed topographic information on the deep-sea floor and thus a new basis for description and classification.