Food of the gods:: Cure for humanity?: A cultural history of the medicinal and ritual use of chocolate
Food of the gods:: Cure for humanity?: A cultural history of the medicinal and ritual use of chocolate
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DOI：
10.1093/jn/130.8.2057s
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发表时间：
2000-08-01
影响因子：
4.2
通讯作者：
Grivetti, LE
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Dillinger, TL;Barriga, P;Grivetti, LE
可可或巧克力的药用，既作为主要的药物，也作为传递其他药物的媒介，起源于新大陆，并在16世纪中期传播到欧洲。这些习俗起源于奥尔梅克、玛雅和墨西哥（阿兹特克）。可可一词来源于奥尔梅克语和随后的玛雅语（kakaw）;与巧克力有关的术语cacahuati是纳瓦特尔语（阿兹特克语），来源于奥尔梅克/玛雅语源学。早期殖民时代的文件包括可可的药用说明。1552年的巴迪亚努斯法典（Badianus Coder）指出可可花可以治疗疲劳，而1590年的佛罗伦萨法典（Florentine Coder）提供了一种可可豆、玉米和草药tlacoxochiti（Calliandra anomala）的处方，以缓解发烧和呼吸急促，并治疗心脏虚弱。随后的16世纪到20世纪初，在欧洲和新西班牙制作的手稿揭示了可可/巧克力的100多个药用用途。可以确定三个一致的作用：1）治疗消瘦患者以增加体重; 2）刺激冷漠，疲惫或虚弱患者的神经系统;以及3）改善消化和消除，其中可可/巧克力对抗停滞或虚弱的胃，刺激肾脏和改善肠功能的影响。巧克力/可可治疗的其他医疗投诉包括贫血、食欲不振、精神疲劳、母乳生产不良、消耗/结核病、发烧、痛风、肾结石、寿命缩短和性欲减退/男性能力低下。巧克力酱是一种用于给药和对抗苦味药物添加剂的媒介。除可可豆外，可可树皮、可可油（可可脂）、可可叶和可可花的制剂也被用于治疗烧伤、肠功能障碍、割伤和皮肤过敏。
The medicinal use of cacao, or chocolate, both as a primary remedy and as a vehicle to deliver other medicines, originated in the New World and diffused to Europe in the mid 1500s. These practices originated among the Olmec, Maya and Mexica (Aztec). The word cacao is derived from Olmec and the subsequent Mayan languages (kakaw); the chocolate-related term cacahuati is Nahuatl (Aztec language), derived from Olmec/Mayan etymology. Early colonial era documents included instructions for the medicinal use of cacao. The Badianus Coder (1552) noted the use of cacao flowers to treat fatigue, whereas the Florentine Coder (1590) offered a prescription of cacao beans, maize and the herb tlacoxochiti (Calliandra anomala) to alleviate fever and panting of breath and to treat the faint of heart. Subsequent 16th to early 20th century manuscripts produced in Europe and New Spain revealed >100 medicinal uses for cacao/chocolate. Three consistent roles can be identified: 1) to treat emaciated patients to gain weight; 2) to stimulate nervous systems of apathetic, exhausted or feeble patients; and 3) to improve digestion and elimination where cacao/chocolate countered the effects of stagnant or weak stomachs, stimulated kidneys and improved bowel function. Additional medical complaints treated with chocolate/cacao have included anemia, poor appetite, mental fatigue, poor breast milk production, consumption/tuberculosis, fever, gout, kidney stones, reduced longevity and poor sexual appetite/low virility. Chocolate paste was a medium used to administer drugs and to counter the taste of bitter pharmacological additives. In addition to cacao beans, preparations of cacao bark, oil (cacao butter), leaves and flowers have been used to treat burns, bowel dysfunction, cuts and skin irritations.