An INS Special Forum: Implications of the Snowden Leaks
An INS Special Forum: Implications of the Snowden Leaks
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INS 特别论坛：斯诺登泄密事件的影响
DOI：
10.1080/02684527.2014.946242
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发表时间：
2014
影响因子：
1.2
通讯作者：
Johnson L
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Johnson L
2013年，美国国家安全局（NSA）再次陷入争议。其可疑的窃听使用（宣礼塔行动）及其对美国人几十年来收发的国际电报的不当阅读（操作SHAMROCK）已透露由教会委员会在1976年; 2005年，《纽约》披露，美国国家安全局一直在没有搜查令的情况下窃听特定的美国公民，在最近的这起丑闻中，美国国家安全局雇佣了爱德华·J·斯诺登帮助其进行一些计算机工作。2013年被聘用时，斯诺登是一名来自马里兰州郊区的29岁高中辍学生，曾是中央情报局的计算机专家，他与大型国防公司博斯艾伦汉密尔顿签订了数据专家合同。据报道，斯诺登在美国国家安全局的短暂工作期间，从该机构的电脑中窃取了大约170万份机密文件。在接下来的一年里，他向美国和英国记者泄露了许多这些文件，以抗议他认为美国国家安全局对美国和英国公民使用的不当监视方法。被盗文件还显示，美国国家安全局一直在窃听美国一些主要盟友的通信，包括德国总理安格拉·梅克尔的手机。她不高兴听到这个入侵。《纽约时报》的一个标题是：“监视事件的曝光动摇了美德关系”。其他欧洲人也对美国国家安全局对他们进行广泛监视的消息感到不快。在公布第一批文件之前，斯诺登逃离美国寻找避风港，先是去了香港，然后（当其他选择失败时）去了俄罗斯。泄露的信息显示，美国国家安全局一直在收集大约三分之一的美国公民拨打的电话的“元数据”（拨打的电话号码和通话时间的记录），
In 2013, the National Security Agency (NSA) in the United States became embroiled in controversy–again. Its questionable use of wiretaps (Operation MINARET) and its improper reading of international cables sent and received by Americans over decades (Operation SHAMROCK) had been revealed by the Church Committee in 1976; and in 2005 the New York Times disclosed that the NSA had been wiretapping selected American citizens without a warrant, contrary to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978.In this most recent scandal, the NSA hired Edward J. Snowden to help with some of its computer work. At the time of his hiring in 2013, Snowden–a 29-year-old high school dropout from suburban Maryland and a former CIA computer specialist–was under contract as a data specialist with the giant defense firm Booz Allen Hamilton. In his short stint with the NSA, Snowden reportedly stole some 1.7 million classified documents from the agency’s computers. He leaked many of these documents over the next year to American and British journalists, as a protest against what he viewed as improper surveillance methods used by the NSA against American and British citizens. The stolen documents also revealed that the NSA had been wiretapping the communications of some leading US allies, including the cellphone of German Chancellor Angela Meckel. She was not pleased to learn about this intrusion.‘Surveillance Revelations Shake US-German Ties’, observed a New York Times headline. Nor were other Europeans happy about the revelations of widespread NSA surveillance against them. Before releasing the first of his documents, Snowden fled the United States in search of a safe haven, first to Hong Kong and then (when other options fell through) to Russia. The leaks revealed that the NSA had been gathering ‘metadata’(the records of telephone numbers dialed and the duration of calls) on about a third of all the telephone calls made by American citizens, both