Life Sciences in Space Research
Life Sciences in Space Research
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空间研究中的生命科学
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通讯作者：
Marco Durante
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作者：
Marco Durante
国家航天局正在计划在21世纪进行载人火星使命。空间辐射被普遍认为是这一使命的潜在障碍，原因有二：a）辐射诱发疾病风险的高度不确定性，以及B）缺乏减少照射的简单对策。最近对火星科学实验室辐射场的测量结果证实，在火星使命中需要减少辐射照射的工具。屏蔽是最简单的物理对策，但目前的材料不能有效减少高能宇宙射线的剂量。基于加速器的新材料测试可用于评估航天器的额外保护。有源屏蔽是非常有前途的，但在实际情况中还不适用。有几项研究正在开发基于空间超导磁场的技术。减少到火星的运输时间可以说是最好的解决方案，但新型核热电推进系统似乎也远未实现。第一次火星使命很可能会采用这些选择的组合来减少辐射暴露。
National space agencies are planning a human mission to Mars in the XXI century. Space radiation is generally acknowledged as a potential showstopper for this mission for two reasons: a) high uncertainty on the risk of radiation-induced morbidity, and b) lack of simple countermeasures to reduce the exposure. The need for radiation exposure mitigation tools in a mission to Mars is supported by the recent measurements of the radiation field on the Mars Science Laboratory. Shielding is the simplest physical countermeasure, but the current materials provide poor reduction of the dose deposited by high-energy cosmic rays. Accelerator-based tests of new materials can be used to assess additional protection in the spacecraft. Active shielding is very promising, but as yet not applicable in practical cases. Several studies are developing technologies based on superconducting magnetic fields in space. Reducing the transit time to Mars is arguably the best solution but novel nuclear thermal-electric propulsion systems also seem to be far from practical realization. It is likely that the first mission to Mars will employ a combination of these options to reduce radiation exposure.