The thorax of Mantophasmatodea, the morphology of flightlessness, and the evolution of the neopteran insects
The thorax of Mantophasmatodea, the morphology of flightlessness, and the evolution of the neopteran insects
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Mantophasmatodea 的胸部、不会飞的形态和新翅目昆虫的进化
DOI：
10.1111/cla.12068
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发表时间：
2015-02-01
期刊：
影响因子：
3.6
通讯作者：
Hoernschemeyer, Thomas
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Wipfler, Benjamin;Klug, Rebecca;Hoernschemeyer, Thomas
Mantophasmatodea于2002年被描述为一个新的昆虫目。从那时起，这一小群没有翅膀的昆虫已经发展成为研究最多的昆虫分类群之一。然而，许多方面的珊瑚虫形态以及它们的进化关系仍然是模棱两可的。为了根据扩展的特征集确定螳螂的系统发育关系，并阐明它们对不能飞行的可能的形态适应，我们研究了两个物种的胸部形态：Astrophasma Caledonensis和Mantophasma sp。这两个种之间的形态相似是惊人的，没有发现肌肉上的差异。水手足动物的胸腔与冰爬虫的胸腔非常相似，尤其是在中、后胸骨的胸膜突起、所有节段的分枝的分叉处以及类似的肌肉装备方面。在包含新翅目所有主要谱系的分支分析中，多翅目的单系是由一个肛门扇形和几个翼节的修改所支持的。在多新翅目中，支持石蝇和其余多新翅目之间的姐妹群关系。从胸部形态上看，一个由螳螂亚纲和灰腹甲纲组成的分支得到了有力的支持，可以被认为是可靠的。潜在的胸廓仿形包括前胸骨旁内陷、起源于膜的翼胸胸膜臂，以及独特的后胸椎胸骨-髋部肌肉系统。直翅目和双翅目的单翅目被进一步支持，而更深层次的多翅目节位仍未解决。在所研究的无翼分类群中，我们发现很少有一般的形态适应，而在其他方面，特别是在肌肉组织方面，可以观察到强烈的差异。然而，需要对被严重忽视的无飞行这个话题进行更多的研究，才能得出可靠的结论。
Mantophasmatodea was described as a new insect order in 2002. Since then, this small group of wingless insects has developed into one of the best investigated insect taxa. Nevertheless, many aspects of mantophasmatodean morphology as well as their evolutionary relationships remain ambiguous. To determine the phylogenetic relationships of Mantophasmatodea based on an extended character set and to elucidate possible morphological adaptions towards flightlessness, we investigated the thoracic morphology of two species, Austrophasma caledonensis and Mantophasma sp. The morphological similarity between these two species is striking and no differences in musculature were found. The mantophasmatodean thorax strongly resembles that of ice crawlers (Grylloblattodea), especially with respect to the presence of pleural processes in the meso‐ and metathorax, branched furcae in all segments, and similar muscle equipment. In a cladistic analysis containing all major lineages of Neoptera, the monophyly of Polyneoptera is supported by the presence of an anal fan and several modifications of the wing joint. Within Polyneoptera, a sister‐group relationship between stoneflies and the remaining Polyneoptera is supported. A clade comprising Mantophasmatodea and the Grylloblattodea gains strong support from thoracic morphology and can be considered assured. Potential thoracic apomorphies include prothoracic paracoxal invaginations, pterothoracic pleural arms that originate from the epimeron, and a unique metathoracic sterno‐coxal musculature. The monophyly of Orthoptera and Dictyoptera is further supported while the deeper polyneopteran nodes remain unresolved. Among the wingless taxa investigated we found few general morphological adaptations whereas, in other aspects, especially in the musculature, strong differences could be observed. However, much more research on the strongly neglected topic of flightlessness is required to make reliable statements.