Best Practice: Performance and Cost Evaluation of Lithium Ion Battery Active Materials with Special Emphasis on Energy Efficiency
Best Practice: Performance and Cost Evaluation of Lithium Ion Battery Active Materials with Special Emphasis on Energy Efficiency
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DOI：
10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b02895
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发表时间：
2016-10-25
影响因子：
8.6
通讯作者：
Placke, Tobias
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Meister, Paul;Jia, Haiping;Placke, Tobias
为了提高锂离子电池（LIBs）的能量含量，国内外研究人员将研究重点放在高比能（Wh/kg）和能量密度（Wh/L）的正极和负极材料上，然而，大部分的注意力主要集中在这些材料的比重和/或体积容量上，而其他关键参数往往被忽视。对于实际应用，特别是对于大尺寸电池，必须考虑库仑效率（CE），电压效率（VE）和能量效率（EE），我们在本工作中通过比较多种LIB活性材料指出了这一点。对于所提出的所有活性材料，能量低效主要是由电压低效引起的，而电压低效又受到充放电曲线之间电压滞后的影响。因此，本研究可以表明，具有较大电压滞后的材料，如ZnFe2O4 （ZFO）阳极或富Li阴极材料，其VE和EE也低于石墨和LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4。此外，从累积的EE损失中，根据德国、日本和美国的工业和家庭电力成本计算了由此产生的“额外能源成本”。特别是在德国等电力成本较高的国家，累积的额外能源是在保持电极材料中一定能量水平的同时补偿能源效率低下所必需的。对额外的能源成本有更大的影响，从而对电池系统的总拥有成本有更大的影响。
In order to increase the energy content of lithium ion batteries (LIBs), researchers worldwide focus on high specific energy (Wh/kg) and energy density (Wh/L) anode and cathode materials However, most of the attention is primarily paid to the specific gravimetric and/or volumetric capacities of these materials, while other key parameters are often neglected. For practical applications, in particular for large size battery cells, the Coulombic efficiency (CE), voltage efficiency (VE), and energy efficiency (EE) have to be considered, which we point out in this work by comparing numerous LIB active materials. For all presented active materials, energy inefficiency is mainly caused by a voltage inefficiency, which in turn is affected by the voltage hysteresis between the charge and discharge curves. Hence, this study could show that materials with larger voltage hysteresis such as the ZnFe2O4 (ZFO) anode or the Li rich cathode material exhibit also a lower VE and EE than for instance graphite and LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4. Furthermore, from the accumulated EE losses the resulting "extra energy costs" are calculated based on industry and domestic electricity costs in Germany, in Japan and in the U.S.A. In particular, in countries with higher electricity costs such as Germany, the accumulated extra energy, which is necessary to compensate the energy inefficiency while retaining a certain energy level in the electrode material, has a stronger impact on the extra energy costs and thus on the total cost of ownership of the battery cell system.