The impact of shrimp farming on mangrove ecosystems.
The impact of shrimp farming on mangrove ecosystems.
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DOI：
10.1079/pavsnnr20083003
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发表时间：
2008-01-01
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Ashton, E. C.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Ashton, E. C.
养殖虾的产量和价值继续增加，亚洲生产全球大部分虾，美国、日本和欧洲是主要进口国。对虾养殖系统在管理、规模和影响方面非常多样化。造成红树林损失的原因有很多，但将红树林转变为虾场引起了相当大的关注。对虾养殖的主要问题包括：红树林生态系统重要生态和社会经济功能的丧失、水文变化、盐碱化、外来物种和疾病的引入、污水污染、化学品和药品、使用野生鱼类作为饲料、捕获野生虾籽、丧失生计和社会冲突。全球对减少虾类养殖影响的必要性和可持续利用红树林生态系统的重要性的认识，促使出版了若干准则。将虾场置于红树林后面的政策可能是有效的，但也需要良好的机构能力和协调、有效的执法、激励措施、土地权属和所有利益攸关方的参与才能取得成功。已经确定了更好的管理实践，以减少影响，提高效率和利润。还应促进利用伙伴关系、管理或多边合作计划的社区管理，以及综合、混合或对红树林友好的水产养殖做法和红树林恢复。推行认证制度可进一步确保水产养殖产品的环境可持续性、社会公平和食品安全，从而使当地社区和消费者都受益。需要进一步纳入当地社区并提高消费者的认识。
Farmed shrimp production and value continue to increase with Asia producing the global majority of shrimp and the USA, Japan and Europe being the main importers. Shrimp farming systems are very diverse in their management, size and impacts. There are many causes for mangrove loss but the conversion of mangroves to shrimp farms has caused considerable attention. The major issues of shrimp farming include the loss of important ecological and socio-economic functions of mangrove ecosystems, changes in hydrology, salinization, introduction of non-native species and diseases, pollution from effluents, chemicals and medicines, use of wild fish for feed, capture of wild shrimp seed and loss of livelihoods and social conflicts. Global awareness about the need to reduce the impacts of shrimp farming and the importance of sustainable use of mangrove ecosystems has led to a number of guidelines being published. Policy to position shrimp farms behind mangroves can be effective but also requires good institutional capacity and coordination, effective enforcement, incentives, land tenure and participation of all stakeholders for success. Better management practices have been identified which reduce impacts, increase efficiency and profits. Community-based management using partnerships, stewardships or multilateral cooperation schemes, together with integrated, mixed or mangrove-friendly aquaculture practices and mangrove rehabilitation should also be promoted. Introduction of certification schemes may further ensure environmental sustainability, social equity and food safety of aquaculture products that can benefit both the local communities and the consumer. Further inclusion of local communities and raising awareness with the consumer is required.