Microbial Changes during Pregnancy, Birth, and Infancy.
Microbial Changes during Pregnancy, Birth, and Infancy.
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怀孕、出生和婴儿期的微生物变化。
DOI：
10.3389/fmicb.2016.01031
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发表时间：
2016
影响因子：
5.2
通讯作者：
Koren O
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Nuriel-Ohayon M;Neuman H;Koren O
几个健康的发育过程，如怀孕、胎儿发育和婴儿发育，包括大量的生理变化：体重增加、激素和代谢变化，以及免疫变化。在这篇综述中，我们提出了另一个影响这些生理过程并受其影响的重要因素-微生物组。我们总结了包括肠道、阴道、口腔和胎盘在内的各种身体部位的微生物区系在整个怀孕、胎儿发育和儿童早期的已知变化。仍然有很多有待发现的东西；然而，有几项研究指出了健康的、理想的微生物变化。未来的研究可能会揭开微生物区系在妊娠中的确切作用和机制；也许会将代谢、激素和免疫变化联系在一起。虽然一些研究已经开始将微生物生态失调和特定的微生物种群与不健康的妊娠并发症联系起来，但重要的是首先了解发生的自然健康微生物变化的背景。直到最近，胎盘和发育中的胎儿被认为是无菌的，没有明显的微生物群。我们提出的多项研究结果显示，胎盘和胎粪中有不同的微生物区系组成，暗示着早期的微生物定居。这些结果可能会改变我们从生命开始就对微生物区系的重要性和作用的总体理解和教条。我们进一步回顾了影响婴儿微生物群的主要因素--分娩方式、喂养方式、断奶方式和抗生素暴露。综上所述，我们正在开始对主要发育时间点上的健康和异常微生物变化建立更广泛的理解。
Several healthy developmental processes such as pregnancy, fetal development, and infant development include a multitude of physiological changes: weight gain, hormonal, and metabolic changes, as well as immune changes. In this review, we present an additional important factor which both influences and is affected by these physiological processes—the microbiome. We summarize the known changes in microbiota composition at a variety of body sites including gut, vagina, oral cavity, and placenta, throughout pregnancy, fetal development, and early childhood. There is still a lot to be discovered; yet several pieces of research point to the healthy desired microbial changes. Future research is likely to unravel precise roles and mechanisms of the microbiota in gestation; perhaps linking the metabolic, hormonal, and immune changes together. Although some research has started to link microbial dysbiosis and specific microbial populations with unhealthy pregnancy complications, it is important to first understand the context of the natural healthy microbial changes occurring. Until recently the placenta and developing fetus were considered to be germ free, containing no apparent microbiome. We present multiple study results showing distinct microbiota compositions in the placenta and meconium, alluding to early microbial colonization. These results may change dogmas and our overall understanding of the importance and roles of microbiota from the beginning of life. We further review the main factors shaping the infant microbiome—modes of delivery, feeding, weaning, and exposure to antibiotics. Taken together, we are starting to build a broader understanding of healthy vs. abnormal microbial alterations throughout major developmental time-points.