Governance of marine fisheries and biodiversity conservation: A history
Governance of marine fisheries and biodiversity conservation: A history
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海洋渔业治理和生物多样性保护：历史
DOI：
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发表时间：
2014
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
A. Charles
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
S. Garcia;J. Rice;A. Charles
渔业和自然保护的治理是在两个平行和相互作用的事件和决定流中发展起来的。它们目前的特点来自于这段复杂的历史，必须了解这段历史，以提高它们的业绩。为此，本章介绍了几个世纪以来塑造两种治理潮流演变的政治、法律的和体制性国际事件。关键事件已按时间轴（附件1）汇总，该时间轴是第1章和第2章的主干。尽管我们作出了努力，但附件一中的活动清单不能说是详尽无遗的。在最初几年，治理必然侧重于现代养护、渔业科学和国际治理起源的北方。由于这份清单是以正式文献为基础的，因此在习惯做法的演变方面必然存在不足。尽管直到最近，这两种潮流的发展似乎没有多少直接的相互作用，但经济发展、殖民化、全球化和国际合作以及互联网的进程在某种程度上逐步使它们的演变同步。关于生物多样性的养护，本章必须从陆地系统开始，海洋环境中使用的大多数概念都起源于陆地系统。附录1中所列时间轴的阶段和里程碑反映了本书的目的，但我们相信，在几乎任何合理的时间轴中，关键事件都将被视为基准。翻译后摘要：海洋渔业和生物多样性保护的治理已经发展显着，因为它的起源。本章利用从文献中汇编的国际事件作为数据，在全球范围内描述了其演变。这两种治理方式的历史悠久，反映了人们不断寻求改善业绩，但结果好坏参半。这些潮流在前资本主义和前殖民地社区有着重要的共同根源。在19世纪，它们作为一个实用主义和美学的保护分支，与动荡的关系更加明显。在渔业方面，集中管理的形式在世纪就已经存在。在海洋保护方面，直到20世纪60年代，它们实际上还不存在，自世纪中期以来，它们有力地出现了。从1970年起，《海洋法》的出现和一些跨部门首脑会议在这两个方面之间建立了体制桥梁，加速了概念的趋同。今天在这两个方面建立新的奖励结构和市场办法的趋势有可能加速它们的趋同，并在执行中产生更好的一体化。
The governance of fisheries and of nature conservation has developed within two parallel and interacting streams of events and decisions. Their present characteristics arise from this complicated history, which must be understood to improve their performance. Towards that end, this chapter presents the political, legal and institutional international events that have shaped the evolution of the two streams of governance for centuries. The key events have been assembled in a timeline (Annex 1) that is the backbone of Chapters 1 and 2. Despite our efforts, the list of events in Annex 1 cannot claim to be exhaustive. In the early years, governance has focused necessarily on the northern hemisphere where modern conservation, fishery science and international governance originated. Being based on formal literature, the list is bound to be deficient with regard to evolution of customary practices. Even though the two streams seem to have developed with little direct interaction until recently, the processes of economic development, colonization, globalization and international collaboration as well as the Internet have progressively synchronized their evolution to some extent. Regarding conservation of biodiversity, the chapter starts necessarily on terrestrial systems where most of the concepts used in the marine environment originated. The phases and milestones of the timeline contained in Annex 1 reflect the purposes of this book, but we are confident that key events would be considered benchmarks in almost any reasonable timeline. Abstract: The governance of marine fisheries and biodiversity conservation has evolved significantly since its origin. The chapter describes its evolution, at a global scale, using the international events compiled from the literature as data. The history of the two streams of governance is rich and reflects a constant quest to improve performance with mixed results. These streams have important common roots in pre-capitalistic and pre-colonial communities. They tend to emerge more clearly during the 19th century as a utilitarian and an aesthetic branch of conservation with tumultuous relationships. In fisheries, centralized forms of governance already existed in the 13th century. In marine conservation, they were practically absent until the 1960s and have emerged forcefully since the mid-20th century. From 1970 onwards, the emergence of the Law of the Sea and a number of cross-sectoral summits established institutional bridges between the two streams, accelerating conceptual convergence. The trend today towards creating new incentive structures and market-based approaches in both streams has the potential to accelerate their convergence and produce better integration in their implementation.