Whole Community Resilience: An Asset-Based Approach to Enhancing Adaptive Capacity Before a Disruption
Whole Community Resilience: An Asset-Based Approach to Enhancing Adaptive Capacity Before a Disruption
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DOI：
10.1080/01944363.2014.990480
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发表时间：
2014-10-02
影响因子：
5.6
通讯作者：
Dixon, Maximilian
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Freitag, Robert C.;Abramson, Daniel B.;Dixon, Maximilian
问题、研究策略和发现：传统的减灾和灾前恢复规划过程通常从危险情景开始，说明可能发生的事件并分析其对建筑环境的影响。这一过程的最后是对假想破坏的反应，重点是“加固”建筑物或结构，或将其从受威胁地区移除。这些方法低估了适应能力的自然和社会来源的重要性。为加强联邦紧急事务管理局（FEMA）在华盛顿州的风险测绘、评估和规划（Risk Mapping, Assessment, and Planning）过程而设计的三项“原则证明”演习，为如何更好地开展减灾和恢复规划提供了建议。在介绍影响人类福祉（HWB）的地震情景之前，每个研讨会都以利益相关者确定有助于人类福祉（HWB）的建筑、自然和社会资产的研讨会开始。然后，参与者确定能够促进适应变化的环境（“新常态”）的资产。与会者讨论了这些资产将如何实现全面社区规划以及减轻灾害和灾后恢复的目标。社区规模的社会组织成为一个重要的优先事项。实践要点：基于资产的方法使社区能够更好地从灾难中恢复，并适应灾后的“新常态”。通过在更全面的资产集上进行规划讨论，社区可以平衡物理恢复目标和帮助他们适应未来变化的质量。此外，在事件实际发生之前考虑恢复可以扩大缓解策略的菜单。适应规划还可以帮助社区实现许多与风险无关的目标。
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Conventional hazard mitigation and pre-disaster recovery planning processes typically begin with hazard scenarios that illustrate probable events and analyze their impacts on the built environment. The processes conclude with responses to the hypothetical disruption that focus on "hardening" buildings or structures or removing them from threatened areas. These approaches understate the importance of natural and social sources of adaptive capacity. Three "proof-of-principle" exercises designed to strengthen the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)'s Risk MAP (Risk Mapping, Assessment, and Planning) process in Washington State suggest how better to conduct hazard mitigation and recovery planning. Each begins with workshops where stakeholders identify built, natural, and social assets that contribute to human wellbeing (HWB) before introducing earthquake scenarios that affect HWB. Participants then identify assets that could facilitate adaptation to changed circumstances (a "new normal"). Participants discuss how these assets would achieve the goals of comprehensive community planning as well as hazard mitigation and recovery from disaster. Neighborhood-scale social organization emerges as an important priority.Takeaway for practice: Asset-based approaches enable communities to better recover from disaster and adapt to a post-disaster "new normal." By premising planning discussions on a more holistic set of assets, communities can balance physical recovery goals with qualities that help them to adapt to future change. Furthermore, thinking about recovering before an event actually occurs can enlarge the menu of mitigation strategies. Planning for adaptation can also help communities achieve many non-risk-related objectives.