Case inflection and nominal head marking in Dinka
Case inflection and nominal head marking in Dinka
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丁卡语的格变化和标称头标记
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发表时间：
2002
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通讯作者：
Torben Andersen
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作者：
Torben Andersen
丁卡语，一种主要是单音节的西尼罗河语言，表现出两种类型的大小写变化。首先，有格的形式，表明一个名词短语与动词的语法关系。这些病例包括形态学上无标记的绝对音、斜音和两个位置音。间接格是指后语主语的格，而宾语和前语主语则是绝对格。其次，在复杂名词短语中，谓语和修饰语之间的关系有格形式。修饰语跟在词头后面，而丁卡语是指名词在被指示代词、所有格名词短语或关系从句修饰时，会以一种特殊的（大小写）形式出现，我把这种形式称为构念状态。有两种不同的构造状态，它们之间的选择取决于修饰语的类型。此外，所有格名词短语具有斜格。大小写变化几乎完全是词根内部的，即非线性的，这些变化通过元音长度、元音质量、语调和词根尾辅音的变化来表达。同样的方法也用于数字的变化。然而，名词有明显的分层形态。
Dinka, a largely monosyllabic Western Nilotic language, exhibits two types of case inflection. Firstly, there are case forms that indicate the grammatical relation of a noun phrase to the verb. These cases include the absolutive, which is morphologically unmarked, the oblique, and two locatives. The oblique is the case of, among others, a postverbal subject, while an object and a preverbal subject have the absolutive case. Secondly, there are case forms that indicate the relation between the head and the modifier in a complex noun phrase. A modifier follows the head, and Dinka is head-marking in the sense that a noun takes a special (case ) form when modified by, for instance, a demonstrative, a possessor noun phrase or a relative clause, a form that I label construct state. There are two different construct states, and the choice between them depends on the type of the modifier. Moreover, a possessor noun phrase has the oblique case. Case inflection is almost exclusively root-internal, i.e. non-linear, the inflections being expressed by alternations in vowel length, vowel quality, tone, and the root-final consonant. The same means are used in number inflection. Nevertheless, nouns have a clearly stratified morphology.