Australian and New Zealand Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Water Quality
Australian and New Zealand Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Water Quality
复制标题
澳大利亚和新西兰淡水和海水质量指南
DOI：
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发表时间：
2001
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Michael Warne
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Michael Warne
地表水的离子或引水 农业用水消耗量的增加，通过泵直接从河流抽取或从水库引水，显着减少了年流量，改变了一年中流量的季节分布，并增加了低流量期的长度。例如，据估计，墨累河目前发生的大规模灌溉改道每 10 年就有 6 年会在墨累河下游造成类似干旱的低流量状况，而在自然条件下则为 20 年 1 次（MDBC 1996）。在达令河等河流中，过度抽取灌溉用水严重损害了下游用户的利益，并造成了重大的自然和生态影响。例如，棉农现在有办法在水流高涨时从达令河抽出大量水，从而导致水位突然下降比自然发生的情况更严重。这些迅速下降的水位与近年来在达令河观察到的大规模河岸塌陷有关（Cullen 等，1996）。快速衰退率的生态影响包括搁浅、鱼类和无脊椎动物脱水、洪泛区洪水泛滥事件的丧失以及地下水补给机会的丧失。海外已有许多关于水文特征改变对河流和洪泛区生态影响的研究（National Research Council 1992，Calow & Petts 1992，Stanford et al. 1996）。在新西兰，许多调查也试图更好地界定河流流量和河流生态之间的关系（新西兰环境部 1997b）。然而，直到最近，澳大利亚还很少开展此类研究（Arthington & Pusey 1993、AWWA 1994、Humphries & Lake 1996、Cullen 等人 1996、Arthington & Zalucki 1997）。
ion or diversion of surface water The increased consumptive use of water for agriculture, abstracted directly from rivers by pumps or diverted from a reservoir, has significantly reduced the volumes of annual flow, changed the seasonal distribution of flows through the year, and increased the length of low flow periods. For example, it has been estimated that the large scale diversions for irrigation that now occur in the Murray River produce drought-like low flow conditions in the lower Murray in 6 out of every 10 years, compared with 1 in 20 years under natural conditions (MDBC 1996). In rivers such as the Darling, excessive water abstraction for irrigation has severely disadvantaged downstream users, as well as having caused major physical and ecological impacts. For example, cotton farmers now have the means to pump such large quantities of water from the Darling River during high flows that more sudden falls in water level than would occur naturally can occur. These rapidly falling water levels have been implicated in massive bank slumping that has been observed over recent years in the Darling (Cullen et al. 1996). Ecological impacts of rapid recession rates include stranding, desiccation of fish and invertebrates, loss of floodplain inundation episodes and loss groundwater recharge opportunities. There have been many overseas studies of the effects of altered hydrological characteristics on riverine and floodplain ecology (National Research Council 1992, Calow & Petts 1992, Stanford et al. 1996). In New Zealand also, a number of investigations have attempted to better define the relationships between river flow and riverine ecology (NZ Ministry for the Environment 1997b). However, until recently few such studies have been undertaken in Australia (Arthington & Pusey 1993, AWWA 1994, Humphries & Lake 1996, Cullen et al. 1996, Arthington & Zalucki 1997).
影响因子：
10.4
作者：
Fitzgerald WF;Clarkson TW
通讯作者：
Clarkson TW