Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposures of children in low-income families
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposures of children in low-income families
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DOI：
10.1038/sj.jea.7500003
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发表时间：
1999-03-01
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Wilson, NK
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Chuang, JC;Callahan, PJ;Wilson, NK
低收入家庭的儿童可能大量接触多环芳烃（PAH）。这种暴露可能是由于家庭靠近繁忙的交通、工业来源、环境烟草烟雾、受污染的房屋灰尘或土壤等。本研究的目的是：建立测量低收入家庭儿童多环芳烃暴露总量的方法，估计这些儿童的多环芳烃暴露量，并估计环境途径对多环芳烃暴露的相对重要性。对空气、粉尘、土壤和食物中多环芳烃的分析方法以及尿液样本中羟基多环芳烃的分析方法进行了评估和验证。1994年2月在北卡罗来纳州达勒姆市区进行了两户试点研究。一个吸烟家庭和一个不吸烟家庭参与了这项研究，这些家庭有学龄前儿童，收入低于美国官方贫困线。1995年2月和1995年8月分别在达勒姆和北卡州皮埃蒙特地区进行了一项九户冬季和九户夏季研究。一项夏季研究也在肮脏的吸烟者家中进行。在每一项研究中，都收集了多媒体样本并分析了多环芳烃或羟基多环芳烃。对这四个实地研究的综合数据进行汇总统计、Pearson相关性和方差分析。建立了一种有效的低收入家庭招募筛查方法。现场协议包括在2天的时间内对三个家庭进行测量。该方案应适用于大规模研究。结果表明，室内多环芳烃含量普遍高于室外多环芳烃含量。吸烟家庭的室内多环芳烃含量高于不吸烟家庭。与农村地区相比，市中心的室外多环芳烃含量更高。粉尘和土壤中多环芳烃的相对浓度趋势为：室内粉尘>入口通道粉尘>通道土壤。成人食物样本中的多环芳烃浓度普遍高于儿童食物样本。当摄入量与体重标准化时，同一家庭中儿童的潜在每日多环芳烃剂量高于成年人。吸入是儿童接触总多环芳烃的重要途径，因为室内和室外空气中都存在高浓度的萘。饮食摄入和非饮食摄入途径对于儿童暴露于B2多环芳烃（被列为可能的人类致癌物）变得更加重要。B2（美国环保局综合风险系统），其中大部分是低波动性的。方差分析结果显示，城区参与者的B2多环芳烃总暴露量高于农村参与者。
Children in low-income families may have high exposures to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Such exposures could result from household proximity to heavy traffic ol industrial sources, environmental tobacco smoke, contaminated house dust or soil, among others. The objectives of this study were: to establish methods for measuring total PAH exposure of children in low-income families, to estimate the PAH exposures of these children, and to estimate the relative importance of the environmental pathways for PAH exposure. Analytical methods to determine PAH in air, dust, soil, and food and to determine hydroxy-PAH in urine samples were evaluated and validated. A two-home pilot study was conducted in downtown Durham, North Carolina (NC) during February 1994. One smoker's and one nonsmoker's household, which had preschool children and income at ol below the official U.S. poverty level, participated. A nine-home winter and a nine-home summer study were conducted in Durham and the NC Piedmont area during February 1995 and August 1995, respectively. A summer study in foul smokers' homes was also conducted. In each of these studies, multimedia samples were collected and analyzed for PAH or hydroxy-PAH. Summary statistics, Pearson correlations, and analysis of variance were performed on the combined data from these four field studies. An effective screening method was established for recruiting low-income families. The field protocol involved measurements of three homes in 2-day periods. This protocol should be suitable for large-scale studies. The results showed that indoor PAH levels were generally higher than outdoor PAH levels. Higher indoor PAH levels were observed in the smokers' homes compared to nonsmokers' homes. Higher outdoor PAH levels were found in inner city as opposed to rural areas. The relative concentration trend for PAH in dust and soil was: house dust > entryway dust > pathway soil. The PAH concentrations in adults' food samples were generally higher than those in children's food samples. Children's potential daily doses of PAH were higher than those of adults in the same household, when intakes were normalized to body weights. Inhalation is an important pathway for children's exposure to total PAH because of the high levels of naphthalene present in both indoor and outdoor air. Dietary ingestion and nondietary ingestion pathways became more important for children's exposure to the B2 PAH (ranked as probable human carcinogens. B2 by the U.S. EPA's Integrated Risk System), most of which are of low volatility. The analysis of variance results showed that inner city participants had higher total exposure to B2 PAH than did rural participants.