The interplay of phenotype and genotype in Cryptococcus neoformans disease.
The interplay of phenotype and genotype in Cryptococcus neoformans disease.
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DOI：
10.1042/bsr20190337
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发表时间：
2020-10-30
影响因子：
4
通讯作者：
Nielsen K
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Altamirano S;Jackson KM;Nielsen K
新型隐球菌是一种机会性真菌病原体，主要在免疫功能低下的个体中引起危及生命的脑膜炎。为了在感染过程中存活和增殖，C.新形虫必须适应它在宿主体内遇到的各种压力。患者的预后取决于病原体和宿主之间的相互作用。了解C.新形式的使用，以促进适应宿主和促进发病机制是必要的，以更好地预测疾病的严重程度，并建立适当的治疗。几个毒力表型已被确定在C。新生儿，但该领域仍然缺乏一个完整的理解，基因型和表型如何有助于临床结果。此外，虽然已知C.基因型影响患者的预后，其机制尚不清楚。这种缺乏了解可能是由于C.新形式和广泛的表型变异之间和感染期间观察到的隔离。本文综述了近年来对C.在患者结果和复发的背景下，新生儿与人类疾病进展相关。我们还假设的机制，在体内发生的遗传和表型的变化，以促进快速适应在主机。
Cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that causes life-threatening meningitis primarily in immunocompromised individuals. In order to survive and proliferate during infection, C. neoformans must adapt to a variety of stresses it encounters within the host. Patient outcome depends on the interaction between the pathogen and the host. Understanding the mechanisms that C. neoformans uses to facilitate adaptation to the host and promote pathogenesis is necessary to better predict disease severity and establish proper treatment. Several virulence phenotypes have been characterized in C. neoformans, but the field still lacks a complete understanding of how genotype and phenotype contribute to clinical outcome. Furthermore, while it is known that C. neoformans genotype impacts patient outcome, the mechanisms remain unknown. This lack of understanding may be due to the genetic heterogeneity of C. neoformans and the extensive phenotypic variation observed between and within isolates during infection. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of how the various genotypes and phenotypes observed in C. neoformans correlate with human disease progression in the context of patient outcome and recurrence. We also postulate the mechanisms underlying the genetic and phenotypic changes that occur in vivo to promote rapid adaptation in the host.