De-calcification as an important mechanism in (bio)deterioration of sandstone of Angkor monuments in Cambodia
De-calcification as an important mechanism in (bio)deterioration of sandstone of Angkor monuments in Cambodia
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DOI：
10.1016/j.ibiod.2022.105470
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发表时间：
2022-10
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Youfen Qian;Tongzhou Gan;S. Zada;Yoko Katayama;J. Gu
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Youfen Qian;Tongzhou Gan;S. Zada;Yoko Katayama;J. Gu
结石的生物降解已被明确归因于许多关键因素，包括物理，化学和（微）生物因素。虽然微生物在石头上的定殖已经被广泛报道，但涉及材料破坏的具体机制最近才被揭示，其中包括氮和硫循环反应的生化反应和机制。本文报道了一个发现的溶解和损失的CaCO3在破坏的石头随着时间的暴露，这增加了孔隙度的石头，以捕获大气沉积物，并促进发展和微生物的生长，因为提高了持水能力和有效养分相比，新鲜的石头。来自采石场的新鲜砂岩和来自柬埔寨巴戎寺的新鲜砂岩之间的CaCO3含量的这种显著差异说明了矿物溶解反应与微生物催化的贡献之间的直接联系。这种对初始石头性质的改变对于石头上微生物组的定居和发展至关重要，特别是氨氧化古菌（AOA）和细菌（AOB），和Comammox细菌。与其它氮转化微生物一起，例如，通过异化硝酸盐还原为铵（DNRA），微生物组可以随着时间的推移而持续和多样化。在此基础上，还需要进一步的验证和实验研究来系统地证实这一机制，从而更好地了解自然条件下石材的劣化情况，为世界文化遗产的科学保护和管理提供基础资料。
Stone biodeterioration has been categorically attributed to a number of key factors, including physical, chemical, and (micro)biological ones. Though colonization by microorganisms on stone has been reported widely, the specific mechanisms involved for material destruction have only been revealed recently with the biochemical reactions and mechanisms identified, involving nitrogen and sulfur cycling reactions. This article reports a finding on the dissolution and loss of CaCO3in the destruction of stone over time of exposure, which increases the porosity of the stone to trap atmospheric depositions, and enhance the development and growth of microorganisms because of improved water holding capacity and available nutrients comparing with the fresh stone. This sharp difference in CaCO3contents between the fresh sandstone from the quarry and those from the Bayon temple in Cambodia illustrates the direct connection between the mineral dissolution reactions and microbial catalyzed contribution to it. Such alteration to the properties of the initial stone is fundamentally important to the colonization and development of microbiome on the stone, especially ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB), and Comammox bacteria as detected. Together with other nitrogen transformation microorganisms, e.g., dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA), the microbiome can be sustained and diversified over time. Based on this and other recent results, further verification and experimental studies are needed to confirm this mechanism in a systematic way to advance a better knowledge about stone deterioration under natural conditions, which are basic information for scientific protection and management of world cultural heritage.